孤独感对老年人情绪注意偏向的影响：来自眼动追踪的证据

The Influence of Loneliness on Emotional Attention Bias of the Elderly: Evidence from Eye Tracking

摘要: 目的：通过对高低孤独感组老年人进行情绪注意偏向实验，并进行眼动追踪，探究孤独感对老年人情绪注意偏向的影响。方法：使用《UCLA孤独量表》对四川省某社区中的125名60周岁以上的老年人进行施测，依据得分选取高孤独组(≥39分, n = 30)和低孤独组(≤28分, n = 30)，控制性别比例并排除患有眼部疾病与视力障碍(如色盲等)的被试。结果：1) 在首次注视前时长的眼动指标上，老年人孤独感程度的主效应显著，情绪图片效价的主效应显著，二者交互作用不显著。2) 在首次注视时长的眼动指标上，老年人孤独感程度与情绪图片效价的主效应均不显著，二者交互作用不显著。在低孤独感组中，三种情绪图片效价的首次注视时长不存在显著差异，但在高孤独感组中，情绪图片效价在首次注视时长上存在显著差异，即负性图片的首次注视时长显著大于正性图片，正性图片的首次注视时长显著大于中性图片。结论：1) 刺激呈现后，提示低孤独感组可能具有更高的认知灵活性，能够更快速地识别和处理其中的情感信息；2) 负性、中性图片比正性图片对低孤独感组老年人更具吸引力；3) 高孤独感组老年人对于负性图片的兴趣程度大于正性、中性图片，而低孤独感组对三种情绪图片类型的兴趣程度相当，提示高孤独感老年人对负性情绪线索可能存在注意偏好。

Abstract: Objective: The emotional attention bias experiment was conducted on the elderly in the high and low loneliness groups, and eye tracking was conducted to explore the influence of loneliness on the emotional attention bias of the elderly. Methods: The UCLA Loneliness Scale was used to measure 125 elderly people over the age of 60 in a community in Sichuan Province. Based on the scores, high loneliness group (≥39 points, n = 30) and low loneliness group (≤28 points, n = 30) were selected. The gender ratio was controlled and participants with eye diseases and visual impairments (such as color blindness) were excluded. Results: 1) In the eye movement index of the time before first gaze, the main effect of loneliness in the elderly was significant, and the main effect of emotional picture titer was significant, and the interaction between the two was not significant. 2) In terms of the eye movement index of the first gaze duration, the main effect of loneliness and emotional picture titer of the elderly was not significant, and the interaction between the two was not significant. In the low loneliness group, there was no significant difference in the first gaze duration of the three emotional picture titers, but in the high loneliness group, there was a significant difference in the first gaze duration of emotional picture titer. That is, the first fixation duration of negative images is significantly longer than that of positive images, and the first fixation duration of positive images is significantly longer than that of neutral images. Conclusion: 1) After the stimulus was presented, it was suggested that the low loneliness group might have higher cognitive flexibility, enabling them to identify and process emotional information more quickly; 2) The negative and neutral images were more attractive to the low loneliness group than the positive ones; 3) The high loneliness group showed more interest in negative pictures than positive and neutral pictures, while the low loneliness group showed the same interest in the three types of emotional pictures, suggesting that the high loneliness group may have an attention preference for negative emotional cues.