自由选择与创世决断——论萨特与谢林间的一种可能联系

Free Choice and Creative Decision—On a Possible Connection between Sartre and Schelling

摘要: 萨特与德国观念论的密切关联已经广为人知，但是这种关联通常被指向黑格尔，至于他与谢林的关系则尚未得到充分彰显，而本文尝试从自由问题入手探究此关系。概言之，谢林在《自由论文》和《世界时代》中通过揭示绝对者内部不一致性阐发了一种以质料为基础的新的自由观，萨特尽管并未直接领受谢林后期的思想，但在其生存论中也有类似的自由观，因为其所谓有限者的“自由选择”实际上可以对应于谢林意义上的“创世决断”，但在有限性的立场上走得更彻底，最终取消了绝对者的地位。

Abstract: As for the relationship between Sartre and German idealism, his relationship with Hegel has been widely discussed, while his relationship with Schelling has not been highlighted. This paper tries to clarify the transition from German idealism to post-idealism by revealing the relationship between Sartre and Schelling from the perspective of freedom. In a word, Schelling’s investigation of the internal inconsistency of the absolute in his “Freedom Essay” and his manuscripts in “Ages of the World” opened up a new conception of freedom based on material, which profoundly influenced the philosophy of the post-idealist era. Although Sartre did not directly accept Schelling’s philosophy in the later period, he also had a very similar view of freedom in his existentialism. “Creative decision” in Schelling’s sense corresponds to the “Free choice” of the finite in Sartre’s sense, but Sartre goes further in the position of finiteness and even rejects the absolute directly.