双头翼状胬肉治疗成功一例
A Successful Case of Double-Headed Pterygium Treatment
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1582228, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 靳晓涵:青岛大学青岛医学院,山东 青岛;马路生*:青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院眼科,山东 烟台
关键词: 双头胬肉自体结膜移植角膜缘干细胞Double-Headed Pterygium Autologous Conjunctival Transplantation Limbal Stem Cells
摘要: 本文报道1例73岁男性患者,患有右侧双头翼状胬肉。文中还简要回顾了近期关于翼状胬肉的病因、相关风险因素、手术类型及管理方法的文献。该患者是一名田间工人,除了8年前因“树枝捅伤”行右眼缝合手术外,患者没有其他眼部手术史。在局部麻醉下,成功进行了右眼颞侧和鼻侧的翼状胬肉切除伴自体结膜瓣移植术。术后的随访中,结膜自体移植位置稳定,未出现感染、角膜变薄或移位等并发症。
Abstract: This article reports a 73-year-old male patient with right-sided double-headed pterygium. The paper also briefly reviews recent literature on the etiology, related risk factors, surgical types, and management approaches of pterygium. The patient, a field worker, had no prior ocular surgery history except for a right eye suture operation 8 years ago due to a “tree branch injury”. Under local anesthesia, right temporal and nasal pterygium excision with autologous conjunctival flap transplantation was successfully performed. During postoperative follow-up, the autologous conjunctival graft remained stable without complications such as infection, corneal thinning, or displacement.
文章引用:靳晓涵, 马路生. 双头翼状胬肉治疗成功一例[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(8): 249-253. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1582228

1. 背景

翼状胬肉(Pterygium)是局部球结膜纤维血管组织增生侵犯角膜的一种良性增生性病变,因其形状酷似昆虫的翅膀而得名,是临床上最常见的眼表疾病之一[1]。也是导致失明和视力障碍的主要原因之一[2] [3]。翼状胬肉经常被描述为基底上皮细胞的增殖改变,侵入邻近的角膜上皮和血管而形成[4]。研究表明[5],紫外线辐射可能与翼状胬肉的发病机制有关,并且97% [6]的病例出现在角膜的鼻侧,与翼状胬肉发展相关的其他风险因素有遗传因素,环境因素,如风、灰尘和眼睛干燥,以及衰老和免疫等因素。一种罕见的翼状胬肉类型是双头型,指角膜缘鼻侧与颞侧同时出现纤维血管组织增生,形成“双头部”结构,这种双侧形式极为少见,占翼状胬肉病例的比例不足1% [6]。本文介绍了一例罕见的病例,涉及右眼鼻侧和颞侧同时进行双头翼状胬肉切除,其中,鼻侧行自体结膜瓣移植,颞侧将结膜切口间断缝合于角膜缘。此外,还简要回顾了近期在PubMed上发表的相关文献,这些文献不受语言和时间限制,涵盖了翼状胬肉的病因、相关风险因素、手术类型及患者管理。

2. 临床资料

患者男,73岁。因“右眼长云膜40年”于2025年6月16日于青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院就诊,期间眼部偶伴眼红,经当地医院诊治,给予眼药水点眼治疗,症状无好转,云膜呈进行性生长,引起视力下降,伴眼磨、流泪。裂隙灯检查显示,右眼存在双头胬肉,拍摄患者裂隙灯照片(图1)。遂收入院拟行手术治疗。入院查体:右眼视力0.25,矫正小孔0.3,眼压18 mmHg,鼻侧结膜下筋膜组织增生肥厚,侵入鼻侧角膜约6 mm,深入瞳孔区约1 mm,颞侧结膜下筋膜组织增生肥厚,侵入颞侧角膜约4 mm,余角膜透明,前房清,深度可,瞳孔圆,直径约3 mm,对光反射灵敏,晶状体皮质不均匀灰白色混浊,视网膜平伏。在患者签署知情同意书后,于2025年6月16日在局部麻醉下成功切除了右眼的双头翼状胬肉。由于鼻侧翼状胬肉较大,首先进行了切除,向翼状胬肉头部注射了2%的盐酸利多卡因和0.75%的罗哌卡因。将胬肉头部从角膜剥离,切除胬肉头部以及体部深层胬肉组织(保留体部结膜),清扫残留于角膜和巩膜表面的胬肉组织,自下方球结膜取与鼻侧去除胬肉组织大小相同的结膜瓣,移行至鼻侧裸露巩膜区并用10-0尼龙线间断缝合。颞侧结膜切口间断缝合于角膜缘。术后1月拍摄了右眼的照片(图2)。术后,患者佩戴了治疗性绷带隐形眼镜。术后4周内每天四次使用托百士、普拉洛芬、典必殊、玻璃酸钠滴眼液。建议患者避免尘土飞扬和阳光直射的环境,并佩戴太阳镜。术后第一周及2个月的随访中,患者右眼视力达到0.8,矫正+0.75DS/−1.00DC × 86˚ = 0.8,结膜自体移植部位保持稳定。在2个月的随访期内,未出现感染、角膜变薄、移植体移位或眼干等并发症,未出现复发性胬肉的情况,治疗性绷带隐形眼镜在第一个月结束时被移除。患者对右眼的恢复情况感到满意。

Figure 1. Right eye double-headed pterygium

1. 右眼双头翼状胬肉

Figure 2. Anterior segment photography of the right eye on the first month after surgery

2. 术后1月右眼眼前段照相

3. 讨论

患者因罕见的双头翼状胬肉前来就诊。手术过程中,我们在局部麻醉下,采用垂直切开法,对患者右眼鼻侧和颞侧的翼状胬肉进行了切除,旨在实现良好的美容效果,并有效预防术后复发。

多项研究表明,翼状胬肉的发生与多种因素相关。Malekifar等[7]的研究指出,民族因素与翼状胬肉的发病存在关联;Chen等[8]的研究进一步显示,汉族人群患翼状胬肉的风险相对较高。此外,大量研究[9]-[21]一致表明,年龄增长、男性性别、长期紫外线照射、户外工作以及吸烟等,均是翼状胬肉的主要危险因素,甚至有研究[22]将其归类为与职业相关的疾病。具体到本例患者,作为居住于沿海阳光直射地区的男性田间工作者,其生活环境与职业特性均符合上述高危因素。不过,Akinsola等[23]的研究却得出相悖结论,认为户外职业并非翼状胬肉的风险因素。同时,根据Malekifar等[7]的研究,翼状胬肉及睑缘炎家族史也被列为风险因素,而该患者并无相关阳性家族史。此外,Roka等[24]曾提出干眼症与翼状胬肉存在密切联系,但这一情况在本病例中并未出现。

针对双头翼状胬肉的治疗,外科医生通常可选择同时手术或分阶段手术[6],且目前已有多种手术技术应用于临床[25]。理想的手术方案需兼顾低复发率、轻微并发症及良好的美容效果。自体结膜移植技术凭借5%的低复发率[26],多年来一直是眼科医生的首选,本病例亦采用该技术进行治疗。另有研究显示,缝合的角膜缘自体移植术复发率在0%~14.29%之间[27];将游离的自体结膜分成两部分,通过缝线固定于角膜两侧以替代切除的翼状胬肉,也是治疗双头翼状胬肉的有效方式[6]。Yeung等[28]采用顺序翼状胬肉切除联合自体结膜瓣移植术治疗双头翼状胬肉,并证实数月后在同一部位再次实施该手术,并不会增加复发风险,充分验证了该术式的安全性与有效性。Aidenloo等[29]指出,年轻患者、复发性翼状胬肉以及较大的胬肉组织,均是术后复发的高危因素。鉴于本患者右眼鼻侧翼状胬肉体积较大,建议尽早手术切除,以降低复发风险。Lee等[30]的研究表明,翼状胬肉切除术联合大块结膜自体移植,在治疗复发性翼状胬肉时,可实现良好的美容效果,同时显著降低复发率并减少并发症。此外,在原发性翼状胬肉手术中,使用5-氟尿嘧啶或丝裂霉素C进行抗纤维增生治疗,可起到辅助作用[31] [32];文献中也有多层羊膜移植治疗翼状胬肉的报道[33],但考虑到本患者翼状胬肉程度较轻,未选择该方法。

综上所述,垂直切开联合自体结膜移植术是治疗双头翼状胬肉安全、有效且能预防复发的手术方式。年龄、阳光照射与男性性别是本例患者发病的主要危险因素。术后规范用药及采取防护措施至关重要,建议患者日常佩戴太阳镜,减少紫外线暴露,从而降低翼状胬肉的复发风险。

声 明

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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