外侧髌骨脱位术后重返运动现状的研究进展
Research Progress on Return to Sport after Lateral Patellar Dislocation Surgery
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1582250, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 杨荣涛*, 廖超凡:西安医学院研究生院,陕西 西安;张 亮, 郑 江#:西安交通大学附属红会医院运动医学诊疗中心,陕西 西安
关键词: 外侧髌骨脱位内侧髌股韧带重建重返运动骨性手术心理因素Lateral Patellar Dislocation Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Return to Sport Bony Surgery Psychological Factors
摘要: 外侧髌骨脱位(lateral patellar dislocation, LPD)是青少年中常见的膝关节运动损伤,发病率呈逐年上升趋势。内侧髌股韧带重建(medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, MPFLR)作为治疗LPD的主流术式可取得良好的临床疗效,显著降低再脱位率,但在患者重返运动(return to sport, RTS)水平方面仍存在争议,尤其当合并复杂骨性手术时表现更差。本文系统综述了不同手术方式(单纯MPFLR及MPFLR联合各类骨性手术)对RTS水平的影响,并探讨了心理因素在RTS中的关键作用,旨在为临床优化治疗策略、制定个体化RTS方案提供参考。
Abstract: Lateral patellar dislocation (LPD) is a common knee sports injury among adolescents, with an increasing incidence year by year. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR), as the mainstream surgical procedure for treating LPD, can achieve good clinical efficacy and significantly reduce the redislocation rate. However, there is still controversy regarding the level of return to sport (RTS) in patients, especially when combined with complex bony surgeries, where the performance is worse. This article systematically reviews the impact of different surgical methods (pure MPFLR and MPFLR combined with various bony surgeries) on the RTS level, and discusses the key role of psychological preparation in RTS, aiming to provide a reference for clinical optimization of treatment strategies and formulation of individualized RTS programs.
文章引用:杨荣涛, 廖超凡, 张亮, 郑江. 外侧髌骨脱位术后重返运动现状的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(8): 420-426. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1582250

1. 引言

外侧髌骨脱位(lateral patellar dislocation, LPD)是常见的膝关节损伤,多发生于运动过程中,在儿童和青少年中比例更高,且发病率呈逐年上升趋势[1] [2]。体育活动对身心健康至关重要,显著提升幸福感的同时还能降低抑郁风险[3]。LPD导致的膝关节疼痛、无力或不稳常迫使患者远离运动,长期活动受限不仅影响机体功能,更可能对心理健康造成损害。重返运动(return to sport, RTS)作为LPD治疗的终极目标,不仅旨在恢复膝关节动态功能,更能增强患者自信心,其重要性不言而喻[4]。虽然内侧髌股韧带重建(medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, MPFLR)术后常能获得令人满意的临床疗效,但在RTS水平(尤其是恢复至伤前运动强度或竞技水平)方面仍存在争议,特别是在合并骨性解剖异常需行联合骨性手术时表现得更差[5]-[10]。本文旨在综述当前不同手术策略对LPD患者RTS的影响,并分析心理因素在RTS中的作用,以期为临床实践提供依据。

2. 不同手术策略对RTS的影响

目前LPD的手术治疗主要包括单纯MPFLR和针对骨性解剖异常的MPFLR联合骨性手术(如滑车成形术、胫骨结节截骨术、股骨远端旋转截骨术等)。不同策略对RTS的影响各异。

2.1. 单纯MPFLR

生物力学研究证实,在膝关节屈曲早期,内侧髌股韧带提供约60%的内向约束力从而限制髌骨外移[11]。LPD患者普遍存在内侧髌股韧带损伤[12],因此MPFLR作为主流术式,不仅能有效恢复髌股关系、降低再脱位风险,还能助力大部分患者在回归运动的同时不降低术前运动水准[13]

Huo [13]等报道了130例LPD患者在术后约7个月时能以高达92%的比率回归运动,78%能恢复至术前运动水平。Dennis [6]等和Xu [14]等也报道了类似的高RTS率分别为89%和84%。然而,结果并非完全一致。Meynard [5]等的报道中虽然91%的患者在平均10个月时能RTS,但仅有67%恢复至术前相同或更高水平。一项纳入800例患者的系统综述显示总体RTS率为85.1%,但在记录恢复至术前运动水平的16项研究(638例)中,RTS率仅为68.3% [15]。运动类型与强度似乎是导致患者术后运动水平下降的原因,已有证据表明术前低水平运动员术后重返同一或更高水平的可能性反而高于高水平运动员,强调了对患者术前运动类型和水平进行分类评估的重要性[8]。高水平或特定项目的运动员恢复至竞技水平的比率显著降低,Marigi [7]等报道仅约50%的职业摔跤运动员可以重返专业比赛,Ryan等[16]的系统综述显示在纳入的运动中,排球/手球运动员恢复原水平比率最低,仅为18.2%~50.0%,这均提示运动项目对膝关节功能要求的差异显著影响RTS水平。另外年龄偏大可能也会影响患者的运动水平,之前已有研究证明年龄增长与MPFLR术后疗效呈负相关[17]。允许早期活动(如术后3个月)与实际RTS时间(如平均10.4个月)的差异及其对最终运动水平的影响尚不明确,未来需要前瞻性的研究进一步评估[5]

总体而言,单纯MPFLR能使患者以较高的比率RTS,且多数研究支持其能帮助患者恢复理想运动水准,但运动类型、强度、年龄及康复进程似乎是影响患者高水平运动恢复的关键变量。

2.2. MPFLR联合骨性手术

对于合并显著骨性解剖异常如滑车发育不良(trochlear dysplasia, TD)、高位髌骨、胫骨结节–滑车沟距离(tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance, TT-TG)增大、股骨前倾角(femoral anteversion angle, FAA)增大)的LPD患者,是否需在MPFLR基础上联合骨性手术仍存在争议[6] [8]-[10]。即便如此,多因素分析已证实TD、TT-TG增大、高位髌骨、FAA增大均为MPFLR术后RTS失败的独立危险因素[18]。因此,明确各类骨性手术对RTS的影响在临床医生抉择手术方案时可起到指导作用。

2.2.1. MPFLR联合滑车成形术

髌股关节由髌骨面与股骨远端的滑车面构成,正常情况下在膝关节屈伸的过程中滑车为髌骨运行提供轨迹。当患者存在滑车发育不良时,由于其“沟”异常的凸起或平坦,在膝关节屈曲时髌骨与滑车之间的接触面积显著减小,两者间不恰当的吻合造成关节间压力升高产生疼痛的同时还削弱了维持髌骨正常运行轨迹所需的力量。对于LPD患者而言几乎均存在不同程度的TP,并且TP已被确定为髌骨复发不稳的危险因素。

滑车成形术后RTS比率报道较高。Mengis [8]等报道97%的患者可恢复训练,Carstensen等报道84.8%的患者可RTS。然而,恢复至术前运动水平的比率普遍偏低:Mengis [8]等的研究中仅有42%能恢复术前水平,Carstensen等的报道中仅43.2%恢复至职业/竞技水平。虽然Damayanthi等的系统综述和Montagna等的小样本研究得到了较乐观的结果,但前者并未深入分析术后患者回归运动的具体水平,后者又需要更大样本和更长时间的随访验证。因此就当前证据显示,滑车成形术后患者恢复至高强度/竞技运动水平的比率可能低于单纯MPFLR,这更加提示在面对伴TD患者时我们需要严格把握手术指征。

2.2.2. MPFLR联合胫骨结节截骨术

高位髌骨和TT-TG距离增加已被证明是LPD的解剖危险因素。既往的研究中,无论是采用胫骨结节截骨术(tibial tubercle osteotomy, TTO)纠正高位髌骨将胫骨结节远端化的处理或是治疗TT-TG升高将结节内侧化的转移以及将两者联合都可显著提高患者的满意度,降低复发脱位的风险。

Li [9]等报道MPFLR联合TTO术后73%的患者可RTS,但仅40.5%恢复至不低于术前运动水平,特别是篮球、足球等对膝关节功能要求高的项目恢复更困难。Platt [19]等的系统综述报告MPFLR联合TTO后RTS率高达86.9%,与单纯MPFLR (95.4%)无统计学差异。Vivekanantha [20]等的Meta分析也报道了92%的RTS率,并指出75%的患者恢复至术前相同或更高水平,但该比例仅占纳入研究的2%。目前关于MPFLR联合TTO术后RTS水平的恢复仍存在争议,Platt [19]等纳入的研究大多缺乏对联合TTO手术患者RTS水平的详细报道。现有研究普遍存在样本量小、异质性高的问题,难以明确TTO对恢复运动水平的影响。此外,研究发现单纯MPFLR与MPFLR联合TTO术后的康复方案(如活动度、负重、RTS时间建议)存在显著差异,且缺乏统一的RTS标准,这极大影响了患者运动水平的恢复[21]。相较于单纯MPFLR,TTO患者通常还需要更长的康复时间以解决股四头肌力量缺陷等问题[22]

2.2.3. MPFLR联合股骨远端旋转截骨术

研究发现随着FAA的增大MPFLR术后因再脱位需要二次手术的风险也增大,对于那些钟爱运动的患者而言这是不愿面对的。Hao等对伴FAA增大的患者分别进行了单纯MPFLR和股骨远端旋转截骨术(derotational distal femoral osteotomy, DDFO)联合MPFLR,最终随访时DDFO组以90.3%的比率RTS和67.7%的比率重返术前或更高水平运动,这与MPFLR组没有差异。但就恢复运动时间而言,MPFLR组更快(7.6个月),DDFO组则需要8.5个月,这可能是因为更长时间的支具固定导致术后膝关节活动度差和疼痛的几率更高。即便当前的文献中DDFO组较单纯MPFLR组取得了更好的临床疗效及影像学结果[10],但也有研究报道无论FAA增大与否行单纯MPFLR后疗效无差异[23]。因此对FFA增大的患者是否需要在MPFLR同时伴随DDFO仍需前瞻性的研究进一步论证。并且在帮助患者RTS方面,行MPFLR联合DDFO为患者带来的结果也存在争议,因为Maximilian等[24]的研究中仅有24例(40.7%)恢复到术前运动水平。

MPFLR联合骨性手术的患者,其最终随访时的总体RTS比率可能与单纯MPFLR相当,但恢复至术前理想(尤其是高强度/竞技)运动水平的比率往往较低。这归因于更复杂的康复需求,术后康复方案的不统一以及潜在并发症风险。骨性手术需要更长的骨愈合时间和更谨慎的康复进程,肌肉力量(特别是股四头肌)恢复更慢。各机构术后康复方案差异巨大,缺乏循证的RTS标准。骨性手术本身增加了并发症和再手术的风险,影响患者康复信心和最终功能。如何优化联合手术患者的围手术期管理(尤其是康复)以安全高效地恢复其运动水平是当前面临的重大挑战。

3. 心理准备对RTS的关键作用

除生理因素外,心理障碍是阻碍LPD患者RTS的主要原因之一[16]。害怕再次损伤或缺乏自信(称为“心理因素”)、生活方式改变、兴趣丧失、疼痛及担忧不稳复发等因素均被报道,其中心理因素占据主导地位[16]。评估并干预患者的心理功能恢复对降低再损伤风险、促进成功RTS至关重要。

ACL-RSI (Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury)量表是一种用来衡量前交叉韧带重建后患者RTS时心理准备情况的指标,之前的研究证实了其应用价值[25]。最近越来越多的研究也将其应用于LPD患者,并命名为MPFL-RSI (Medial Patellofemoral Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury),以此来评估MPFLR术后患者RTS时的心理准备情况[24]。MFPL-RSI量表已被证明可以准确预测患者RTS时的心理准备情况,并证明其临界值为55,能够以极好的敏感性和特异性识别患者是否恢复到术前运动水平[24]。并且心理准备已被确定为成功RTS的关键指标,更高的MPFL-RSI评分被发现与恢复运动的几率增加以及恢复到损伤前运动水平显著相关[9]。在康复过程中进一步关注患者的心理恢复,可能会提高他们成功RTS的概率。

多项研究显示LPD术后患者的心理准备普遍不理想,未能RTS的患者平均MPFL-RSI评分显著偏低,Hurley [26]等对MPFLR术后35名未能RTS的患者进行了研究,平均随访38个月其平均MPFL-RSI评分仅有44.2,虽然有9人(25.7%)的评分超过了及格线。即使能RTS的患者MPFL-RSI评分通过率(≥55分)也较低,范围在38%~57.1%之间[9] [27] [28]。当前对未能RTS患者的研究常欠缺,限制了对该群体心理特征的深入理解。

总体来看,LPD患者术后RTS时的心理准备情况并不理想,尤其是对于那些未能RTS的患者似乎表现的更差[9] [26]-[28]。在调查其受困于何种原因时大部分患者表现出对自己的不自信[16],其次可能是由于长时间遭受髌骨不稳定所致,这使得他们对恢复运动变得更加谨慎[29]。Straume-Næsheim [29]等发现LPD患者与前交叉韧带损伤患者有相似的膝关节功能障碍但等待治疗的时间却是前交叉韧带损伤患者的5倍,长期的疾病影响可能会对患者心理造成负担,因此早期进行心理干预是否能改善患者RTS水平将是一件有意义的事情。另外患者参与运动的水平不同和心理社会特征的差异也可能造成心理准备的不平衡,研究表明使用引导图像、积极的自我对话、目标设定、情感书面披露、康复模型视频和咨询对那些有肌肉骨骼损伤的患者有更好的康复依从性、疼痛管理、运动依从性和情绪状态[30]。预计更好的训练依从性和积极的康复态度将会在心理方面产生更好的RTS结果。

4. 总结与展望

随着医学技术和康复理念的进步,LPD的诊疗在机制解析、术式创新、康复优化及功能评估等方面均取得显著进展。实现LPD患者运动水平的高质量恢复、最小化并发症并提升满意度,已成为骨科运动医学的核心目标。这要求临床医生精准把握手术指征,实施个体化治疗。尤其在面对合并骨性异常的复杂LPD时,选择单纯MPFLR或联合骨性手术,需综合考量解剖结构、生物力学特征及患者个性化需求(如运动目标)。当前证据提示,单纯MPFLR对大部分患者可实现满意RTS;对于存在显著骨性异常者,联合手术虽能改善稳定性,但需关注其对RTS水平(尤其是高强度运动)的潜在负面影响以及更复杂的康复需求。心理准备是成功RTS的关键非器质性指标。现有研究表明术后患者的心理状态普遍不佳,是阻碍RTS的重要障碍。将心理评估(如MPFL-RSI量表)纳入常规随访,并在围手术期及康复过程中加强心理疏导与支持,是提升治疗依从性、重建运动自信的有效途径。通过多学科协作,结合精准的手术治疗、系统化的康复管理以及个性化的心理干预,有望为LPD患者构建更全面的“生理–心理–社会”康复模式,显著提升其成功重返运动并恢复理想运动水平的几率。

基金项目

陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2023-YBSF-141);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(2022JQ-865)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Palmowski, Y., Jung, T., Doering, A., Gwinner, C., Schatka, I. and Bartek, B. (2021) Analysis of Cartilage Injury Patterns and Risk Factors for Knee Joint Damage in Patients with Primary Lateral Patella Dislocations. PLOS ONE, 16, e0258240.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258240
[2] Lyons, J.G., Hudson, T.L. and Krishnamurthy, A.B. (2022) Epidemiology of Patellar Dislocations in the United States from 2001 to 2020: Results of a National Emergency Department Database. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 52, 26-35.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2022.2156765
[3] Ramer, J.D., DuBois, D.L., Duncan, R.J., Bustamante, A.S., Vandell, D.L., Marquez, D.X., et al. (2025) Childhood Predictors of High School Sport Participation and Effects of Participation on Young Adult Activity and Mental Health. Annals of Medicine, 57, Article 2447905.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2447905
[4] 陈世益, 李国平, 敖英芳, 等. 功能至上、早期康复与重返运动是骨科运动医学的灵魂[J]. 中国运动医学杂志, 2020, 39(5): 339-340.
[5] Meynard, P., Malatray, M., Sappey-Marinier, E., Magnussen, R.A., Bodiou, V., Lustig, S., et al. (2021) Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation Allows a Good Rate to Return to Sport. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 30, 1865-1870.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06815-1
[6] Dennis, E.R., Marmor, W.A., Propp, B.E., Erickson, B.J., Gruber, S., Brady, J.M., et al. (2024) Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Instability Regardless of Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove Distance and Patellar Height: Minimum 5-Year Outcomes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 2196-2204.
https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465241260039
[7] Marigi, E.M., Feroe, A.G., Smith, J.H., Stuart, M.J., Hevesi, M., Camp, C.L., et al. (2023) Surgical Stabilization for Recurrent Patellar Instability in Competitive Wrestlers: Outcomes, Reoperations, and Return to Play at 6-Year Mean Follow-Up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 2608-2616.
https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465231182143
[8] Mengis, N., Zimmermann, F., Schemel, L., Rippke, J.N., Milinkovic, D.D. and Balcarek, P. (2022) Return to Sports and Patients’ Rehabilitation Continuum after Deepening Trochleoplasty and Concomitant Patellar-Stabilizing Procedures: A Case Series of 111 Patients at 2 to 4 Years of Follow-Up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 50, 674-680.
https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211063914
[9] Li, Z.I., Garra, S., Eskenazi, J., Montgomery, S.R., Triana, J., Hughes, A.J., et al. (2024) Patients Who Undergo Tibial Tubercle Anteromedialization with Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Demonstrate Similar Rates of Return to Sport Compared to Isolated MPFL Reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 32, 371-380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ksa.12051
[10] Hao, K., Niu, Y., Kong, L. and Wang, F. (2023) Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Combined with Derotational Distal Femoral Osteotomy Yields Better Outcomes than Isolated Procedures in Patellar Dislocation with Increased Femoral Anteversion. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 31, 2888-2896.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-07264-0
[11] Olotu, O., Siddiqui, A., Peterson, D., et al. (2021) The Superficial “Swing-Down” Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Is a Viable Option for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 37, 3187-3197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.04.048
[12] Baer, M.R. and Macalena, J.A. (2017) Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: Patient Selection and Perspectives. Orthopedic Research and Reviews, 9, 83-91.
https://doi.org/10.2147/orr.s118672
[13] Huo, Z., Niu, Y., Kang, H., Hao, K., Fan, C., Li, K., et al. (2024) Three Different Patellar Fixation Techniques Yield Similar Clinical and Radiological Outcomes in Recurrent Patellar Dislocation Undergoing Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 32, 2848-2858.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ksa.12298
[14] Xu, C., Zhao, Y., Ni, Z., Li, K., Kang, H. and Wang, F. (2025) Returning to Pre-Injury Level of Sports before 9 Months after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Increases the Incidence of Anterior Knee Pain in Young Patients. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 33, 837-845.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ksa.12411
[15] Manjunath, A.K., Hurley, E.T., Jazrawi, L.M. and Strauss, E.J. (2021) Return to Play after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 1094-1100.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520947044
[16] Ryan, P.C., Ching, I.C., Ierulli, V.K., Pickett, K. and Mulcahey, M.K. (2025) Fear of Reinjury, Psychological Factors, and Sport Played Have Negative Impact on Return to Sport Following Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Patellar Instability. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 41, 1605-1617.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2024.05.022
[17] Žlak, N., Kacin, A., Martinčič, D. and Drobnič, M. (2022) Age, Body Mass Index, Female Gender, and Patellofemoral Cartilage Degeneration Predict Worse Patient Outcome after Patellofemoral Instability Surgery. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 30, 3751-3759.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-06986-5
[18] Wang, Q., Li, K., Xu, C., Ni, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) Predicting Two-Year Return-to-Sport Failure after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in Patellar Dislocation Patients with Bone Abnormalities. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 19, Article No. 766.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-05253-2
[19] Platt, B.N., Bowers, L.C., Magnuson, J.A., Marx, S.M., Liu, J.N., Farr, J., et al. (2022) Return to Sport after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 50, 282-291.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546521990004
[20] Vivekanantha, P., Kahlon, H., Cohen, D., et al. (2023) Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Results in Similar Postoperative Outcomes as Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction and Tibial‐Tubercle Osteotomy: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 31, 2433-2445.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-022-07186-x
[21] Coda, R.G., Cheema, S.G., Hermanns, C., Kramer, M., Tarakemeh, A., Schroeppel, J.P., et al. (2021) Online Rehabilitation Protocols for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction with and without Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy Are Variable among Institutions. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation, 3, e305-e313.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asmr.2020.09.018
[22] Krych, A.J., O’Malley, M.P., Johnson, N.R., Mohan, R., Hewett, T.E., Stuart, M.J., et al. (2018) Functional Testing and Return to Sport Following Stabilization Surgery for Recurrent Lateral Patellar Instability in Competitive Athletes. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 26, 711-718.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4409-2
[23] Blanke, F., Watermann, K., Haenle, M., Feitenhansl, A., Camathias, C. and Vogt, S. (2020) Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Can Be an Effective Procedure in Patellofemoral Instability with Risk Factors. The Journal of Knee Surgery, 33, 992-997.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688917
[24] Hinz, M., Rab, P., Brunner, M., Rupp, M., Runer, A., Grüning, L., et al. (2025) Psychological Readiness for Return to Sport Following Distal Femoral Osteotomy in Patients with Recurrent Patellar Instability. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 26, Article No. 310.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-025-08348-x
[25] Hwang, U.J., Kim, J.S. and Chung, K.S. (2025) Machine Learning Predictions of Subjective Function, Symptoms, and Psychological Readiness at 12 Months after ACL Reconstruction Based on Physical Performance in the Early Rehabilitation Stage: Retrospective Cohort Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 13, Article 23259671251319512.
[26] Hurley, E.T., Markus, D.H., Mannino, B.J., Gonzalez-Lomas, G., Alaia, M.J., Campbell, K.A., et al. (2021) Patients Unable to Return to Play Following Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstructions Demonstrate Poor Psychological Readiness. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 29, 3834-3838.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06440-y
[27] Li, Z.I., Triana, J., Lott, A., Rao, N., Jazrawi, T., Montgomery, S.R., et al. (2023) Patients Who Undergo Bilateral Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Return to Sport at a Similar Rate as Those That Undergo Unilateral Reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 31, 4195-4203.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-023-07462-4
[28] Shankar, D.S., DeClouette, B., Avila, A., Vasavada, K.D., Lan, R., Strauss, E.J., et al. (2024) Medial Quadriceps Tendon Femoral Ligament Reconstruction and Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Have No Significant Differences in Clinical Outcomes for Treatment of Lateral Patellar Instability: A Matched-Cohort Study. Journal of ISAKOS, 9, 502-509.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisako.2024.03.008
[29] Straume-Næsheim, T.M., Randsborg, P.H., Mikaelsen, J.R., et al. (2019) Recurrent Lateral Patella Dislocation Affects Knee Function as Much as ACL Deficiency—However Patients Wait Five Times Longer for Treatment. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 20, Article No. 318.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2689-7
[30] Gennarelli, S.M., Brown, S.M. and Mulcahey, M.K. (2020) Psychosocial Interventions Help Facilitate Recovery Following Musculoskeletal Sports Injuries: A Systematic Review. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48, 370-377.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1744486