替代衔接手段的英中翻译策略——以Wuthering Heights杨苡译本为例
E-C Translation Strategies for the Cohesive Device of Substitution—Taking Yang Yi’s Chinese Translation of Wuthering Heights as an Example
摘要: 衔接是语篇中的一个重要概念。自韩礼德与哈桑提出衔接手段这一概念以来,围绕此理论的研究层出不穷。衔接的作用是为了实现语篇的连贯,英汉语篇中的衔接手段大致可对应,但在使用上有所差异。替代是重要的衔接手段之一,在翻译中通常通过保留原有替代形式、重复、省略等来实现译文的语篇连贯。本文以韩礼德–哈桑衔接手段理论为切入点,旨在通过分析Wuthering Heights杨苡译本,探究英中翻译时替代衔接手段的重构。
Abstract: Cohesion is a concept of great significance in text to achieve coherence. Since Halliday and Hasan put forward the concept of cohesive devices, studies centering on them has sprung up. Although cohesive devices in English mostly can find correspondence in Chinese, there are some differences in the usage. Substitution plays a very important role in making the text cohesive. In E-C translation, the strategies, such as substitution versus substitution, substitution versus repetition, substitution versus ellipsis, are often used to make the translation cohesive. Based on the theory of cohesive devices, this paper aims to analyze the reconstruction of substitution in E-C translation with Yang Yi’s translated version of Wuthering Heights as an example.
文章引用:张宵. 替代衔接手段的英中翻译策略——以Wuthering Heights杨苡译本为例[J]. 国学, 2025, 13(4): 633-637. https://doi.org/10.12677/cnc.2025.134090

1. 引言

著名语言学家韩礼德(Halliday)与哈桑(Hasan)合著的《英语的衔接》(Cohesion in English)一书标志着衔接研究的开端。该书对衔接现象的系统分析使这一术语得到广泛认可。毫无疑问,衔接是译者必须高度重视的关键因素,因为译者需要准确识别并理解源语文本中的衔接手段,再根据目标语特点重构这些手段,从而保证译文的连贯性。作为一种重要的衔接方式,替代在避免冗余重复、增强语篇简洁性方面具有显著作用。

《呼啸山庄》(Wuthering Heights)是英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特(Emily Brontë)于1847年出版的代表作,被誉为英国文学史上最具震撼力的哥特小说之一。杨苡是我国著名翻译家、作家,其翻译的《呼啸山庄》(译林出版社,1990年初版)被公认为经典译本,以诗意的语言精准还原了艾米莉·勃朗特原著中荒原的苍凉与人物情感的极端张力。本文以韩礼德–哈桑衔接理论为切入视角,旨在通过分析Wuthering Heights杨苡译本,探究英中翻译对替代这一衔接手段的重构。

2. 衔接手段——替代

衔接,指“存在于语篇中并使之成为语篇的意义间的联系”[1]。韩礼德与哈桑提出五类构建衔接的方式:指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunction)及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion) [1]

替代,即用替代项取代另一项,替代项与被替代项在结构中具有相同的功能[2]。由于替代项的含义必须通过回指前文元素才能确定,因此替代在构建语篇衔接性方面起着至关重要的作用[2]。替代可分为三类:名词性、动词性和从句性替代[3]。下文将以Wuthering Heights杨苡译本为例,通过具体示例展示译文对原文替代衔接手段的处理策略。

2.1. 名词性替代

英语语篇中常用的名词性替代主要有“one”、“ones”和“the same”。“one”与“ones”替代的是名词中心词,吕叔湘认为,汉语里“de structure”(的字结构)可替代前文出现的名词[4],而汉语量词(如“个/位”)可承担部分名词替代功能;对于“the same”,汉语里的相应替代结构为“一/同样(的)”。

one

(1) However, it must be acknowledged, she had faults to foil her gifts. A propensity to be saucy was one [5].

可是必须承认她也有缺点来衬托她的优点。莽撞的性子是一个[6]。(替代替代)

(2) Cathy sat up late, having a world of things to order for the reception of her new friends: she came into the kitchen once to speak to her old one

凯蒂呆到很迟的时候,为了接待她的新朋友们吩咐了一大堆事情。她到厨房来过一次,想跟她的老朋友说话……(替代重复)

(3) “…ever since, I’ve been as stiff as herself; and she has no lover or liker among us: and she does not deserve one…”

“打那以后,我和她一样板着脸,在我们中间没有爱她的或喜欢她的人,她也不配有……”(替代省略)

ones

(4) …the chairs, high backed, primitive structures, painted green: one or two heavy black ones lurking in the shade.

……椅子是高背的,老式的结构,涂着绿色;一两把笨重的黑椅子藏在暗处。(替代重复)

the same

(5) I departed to renew my search; its result was disappointment, and Joseph’s quest ended in the same.

我去重新找一遍,结果是失望;而约瑟夫找的结果也是一样(替代替代)

(6) “Papa says you are a wicked man, and you hate both him and me; and Ellen says the same.”

“爸爸说你是一个恶毒的人,你恨他也恨我;艾伦也是这么说的。”(替代替代)

(7) He imagined himself to be as accomplished as Linton, I suppose, because he could spell his own name; and was marvelously discomfited that I didn’t think the same.

他想象他自己跟林惇一样地有才能哩,我猜想,因为他能念他自己的名字了;可是他大为狼狈,因为我并不这样想。(替代替代)

(8) Miss Cathy and he were now very thick; but Hindley hated him: and to say the truth I did the same.

凯蒂小姐现在跟他很亲热,可是辛德雷恨他。说实话,我也恨他(替代重复)

从以上示例可以看出,《呼啸山庄》杨苡译本使用了替代(量词)、重复和省略手法对名词替代词“one”和“ones”进行重构。而对于“the same”,译文则更倾向于保留原文替代形式。对于后者,究其原因,“the same”替代的成分比较长,如例6中“the same”替代的是“you are a wicked man, and you hate both him and me”,例7中“the same”替代的是“as accomplished as Linton”,译文使用替代手法能够避免重复所造成的繁杂冗长以及话语啰嗦,同时不损伤原文意思,实现语篇连贯。

2.2. 动词性替代

英语语篇中,动词的替代词为“do”,包括其各种形式does/did/done,具有前指功能,替代前文出现的动词或动词短语。以下为原文与译文的比较:

(1) I’m trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I don’t care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do!

我在打算怎样报复辛德雷。我不在乎要等多久,只要最后能报仇就行,希望他不要在我报复之前就死掉。(替代重复)

(2) “Ah! you won’t believe me, then?” said Catherine. “You think I speak from wicked selfishness?”

“I’m certain you do,” retorted Isabella.

“啊,那么你不肯相信我?”凯瑟琳说,“你以为我说这些是出于阴险的自私心么?”

“我确实知道你的,”伊丽莎白反唇相讥。(替代替代)

从上述示例可以看出,译文灵活使用了重复和替代来对应英文原文中的动词性替代词。如例1中,原文用“do”替代“pay Hindley back”,译文则重复了“报复”这一动作,以加强原文语气和情感,并帮助读者回溯上文已出现的信息。例2中,译文直接用“是”替代了“说这些是出于阴险的自私心”,避免啰嗦。

2.3. 从句性替代

英文中经常用作从句性替代词的主要有“so”以及“not”,前者表示肯定意义,后者表示否定意义。汉语里经常使用“这/那样”、“这/那么”来对应英文中的“so”,而“not”的对应词则很难找到,在“这样/这么/如此”前面加上“不”和“并非”可取得与“not”同样的效果。

so

(1) “As you don’t like me, Linton, and as you think I come on purpose to hurt you, and pretend that I do so every time, this is our last meeting.”

“你既然不喜欢我,林惇,既然你以为我来是故意伤害你,而且以为我每次都是这样,这就是我们最后一次见面了。”(替代替代)

not:

(2) “…we thought we would just go and see whether the Lintons passed their Sunday evenings standing shivering in corners, while their father and mother sat eating and drinking, and singing and laughing, and burning their eyes out before the fire. Do you think they do?…”

“Probably not,” I responded.

“……想去看看林惇他们在过星期日的晚上是不是站在墙角发抖,而他们的父母却坐在那儿又吃又喝,又唱又笑,在火炉跟前烤火烤得眼珠都冒火了。你想林惇他们是这样吗?……”

“大概不会,”我回答。(替代替代)

例1中,原文用“so”替代“I come on purpose to hurt you”,译文则使用替代词“这样”替代“我来是故意伤害你”,使译文简洁清晰,取得形式和内容上的对应。而对于替代词“not”,译文同样使用了替代与之对应,译为“不会”。在翻译从句性替代词时,译文很少使用重复,因为重复一个从句一般会使译文变得冗长,使读者在阅读时感觉疲累。

3. 结论

面对英语中的替代手段,《呼啸山庄》杨苡译本采取了灵活的处理方式。多数情况下,可通过替代、重复、省略对原文的替代手段进行重构。由于英语与汉语之间既存在不同点,又存在共同点,因此对于英文中的衔接手段,译文应该做出灵活处理,尽可能地反映出原文的意义与情感风格,同时又符合汉语语言习惯。

参考文献

[1] Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. (1976) Cohesion in English. Longman Group Ltd., 4.
[2] 熊兵. 英汉对比与翻译导论[M]. 武汉: 华中师范大学出版社, 2012: 180.
[3] 张琦. 英汉衔接手段对比及其翻译[J]. 中国翻译, 1999(1): 27-30.
[4] 胡壮麟. 语篇的衔接与连贯[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1994: 72.
[5] Bronte, E. (1983) Wuthering Heights. Random House Inc.
[6] [英]艾米莉·勃朗特. 呼啸山庄[M]. 杨苡, 译. 南京: 译林出版社, 1990.