社会比较：概念、理论模型及影响因素
Social Comparison: Concepts, Theoretical Models, and Influencing Factors
DOI: 10.12677/ap.2025.158457, PDF,   
作者: 其额力格：内蒙古师范大学心理学院，内蒙古 呼和浩特
关键词: 社会比较；理论模型；影响因素；Social Comparison； Theoretical Models； Influencing Factors
摘要: 社会比较作为心理学和社会学领域的核心议题，引起了学界的广泛关注。社会比较指的是个体通过与他人的比较来评估自我、形成自我评价的心理过程。这一行为广泛存在于人类社会中，对个体的心理状态、行为决策产生深远影响。文章明确其概念，系统地论述了社会比较的理论模型，从个体、情境与文化的角度阐述了影响因素。旨在为更深入理解社会比较行为提供参考，为未来的研究提供一定的理论基础。
Abstract: Social comparison, as a central topic in the fields of psychology and sociology, has garnered extensive scholarly attention. It refers to the psychological process through which individuals evaluate themselves and form self-assessments by comparing themselves with others. This behavior is pervasive in human society and exerts profound influences on individuals’ psychological states and behavioral decision-making. This article clarifies its conceptual definition, systematically discusses theoretical models of social comparison, and elaborates on influencing factors from individual, situational, and cultural perspectives. The aim is to provide a reference for a deeper understanding of social comparison behavior and to offer a theoretical foundation for future research.
文章引用：其额力格 (2025). 社会比较：概念、理论模型及影响因素. 心理学进展, 15(8), 136-143. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2025.158457

参考文献

[1] 窦炜, 曲璐璐, 曲琛(2014). 社会比较对合作任务结果评价的影响: 来自ERP的证据. 心理学报, 46(3), 405-414.
[2] 高妍春, 杜建政, 宋宜梅(2006). 社会判断的选择通达理论. 心理科学, (1), 228-230.
[3] 吴宁(2013). 大学生人格、社会比较对后悔的影响——多种方法下的结果比较. 硕士学位论文, 南京: 南京师范大学.
[4] 吴漾, 武俐, 牛更枫, 陈真珍, 刘丽中(2020). 微信朋友圈使用对大学生抑郁的影响: 负面社会比较和自我概念清晰性的作用. 心理发展与教育, 36(4), 486-493.
[5] 邢淑芬, 俞国良(2006). 社会比较: 对比效应还是同化效应? 心理科学进展, (6), 944-949.
[6] 张霞, 林嘉仪, 张积家.(2020). 被动性社交网站使用与孤独感的关系及其链式中介作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 28(1), 63-66+162.
[7] 甄月桥, 李佳焱(2022). 大学生社会比较、一般自我概念对物质主义的影响. 中国健康心理学杂志, 30(1), 86-91.
[8] 左有霞, 赵玉芳, 陈冰(2019). 内部竞争环境下内群体偏好的维持: 群体认同和心理距离的影响. 心理学探新, 39(3), 264-271.
[9] Brewer, M. B., & Weber, J. G. (1994). Self-Evaluation Effects of Interpersonal versus Intergroup Social Comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 268-275.[CrossRef] 
[10] Butzer, B., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the Frequency of Social Comparisons and Self-Concept Clarity, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety, and Depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 167-176.[CrossRef] 
[11] Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-Concept Clarity: Measurement, Personality Correlates, and Cultural Boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141-156.[CrossRef] 
[12] Chen, S., English, T., & Peng, K. (2006). Self-Verification and Contextualized Self-Views. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 930-942.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Colpaert, L., Muller, D., Fayant, M., & Butera, F. (2015). A Mindset of Competition versus Cooperation Moderates the Impact of Social Comparison on Self-Evaluation. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article No. 1337.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Diel, K., Grelle, S., & Hofmann, W. (2021). A Motivational Framework of Social Comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120, 1415-1430.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.[CrossRef] 
[16] Emery, L. F., Walsh, C., & Slotter, E. B. (2015). Knowing Who You Are and Adding to It: Reduced Self-Concept Clarity Predicts Reduced Self-Expansion. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 259-266.[CrossRef] 
[17] Festinger, L. (1954). A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.[CrossRef] 
[18] Gilbert, P., Price, J., & Allan, S. (1995). Social Comparison, Social Attractiveness and Evolution: How Might They Be Related? New Ideas in Psychology, 13, 149-165.[CrossRef] 
[19] Gregory, B., & Peters, L. (2017). Unique Relationships between Self-Related Constructs, Social Anxiety, and Depression in a Non-Clinical Sample. Behaviour Change, 34, 117-133.[CrossRef] 
[20] Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is There a Universal Need for Positive Self-Regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and Me: Predicting the Impact of Role Models on the Self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 91-103.[CrossRef] 
[22] Lyubomirsky, S., & Ross, L. (1997). Hedonic Consequences of Social Comparison: A Contrast of Happy and Unhappy People. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1141-1157.[CrossRef] 
[23] Menon, T., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1999). Culture and the Construal of Agency: Attribution to Individual versus Group Dispositions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 701-717.[CrossRef] 
[24] Merton, R. K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure (Rev. ed.). Free Press.
[25] Mussweiler, T. (2003). Comparison Processes in Social Judgment: Mechanisms and Consequences. Psychological Review, 110, 472-489.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Mussweiler, T., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2002). I Know You Are, But What Am I? Self-Evaluative Consequences of Judging In-Group and Out-Group Members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 19-32.[CrossRef] 
[27] Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic versus Analytic Cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Olson, B. D., & Evans, D. L. (1999). The Role of the Big Five Personality Dimensions in the Direction and Affective Consequences of Everyday Social Comparisons. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1498-1508.[CrossRef] 
[29] Runciman, W. G. (1966). Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England. University of California.
[30] Saadat, S. H., Shahyad, S., Pakdaman, S., & Shokri, O. (2017). Prediction of Social Comparison Based on Perfectionism, Self-Concept Clarity, and Self-Esteem. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19, 8.
[31] Schachter, S. (1959). The Psychology of Affiliation: Experimental Studies of the Sources of Gregariousness. Stanford University Press.
[32] Schaller, M., Norenzayan, A., Heine, S. J., Yamagishi, T., & Kameda, T. (2010). Evolution, Culture, and the Human Mind. Psychology Press.
[33] Stangor, C. (2016). Social Groups in Action and Interaction (2nd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
[34] Stapel, D. A., & Koomen, W. (2005). Competition, Cooperation, and the Effects of Others on Me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 1029-1038.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., Devinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams, R. M. (1949). The American Soldier: Adjustment during Army Life (Studies in Social Psychology in World War II). Princeton Univ. Press.
[36] Suls, J., & Wills, T. A. (1991). Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
[37] Tajfel, H. (1982). Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.[CrossRef] 
[38] Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 33, 94-109.
[39] Taylor, S. E., & Lobel, M. (1989). Social Comparison Activity under Threat: Downward Evaluation and Upward Contacts. Psychological Review, 96, 569-575.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model of Social Behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 21. Social Psychological Studies of the Self: Perspectives and Programs (pp. 181-227). Academic Press.[CrossRef] 
[41] VanderZee, K., Buunk, B., & Sanderman, R. (1996). The Relationship between Social Comparison Processes and Personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 551-565.[CrossRef] 
[42] Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward Comparison Principles in Social Psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271.[CrossRef] 
[43] Wood, J. V. (1996). What Is Social Comparison and How Should We Study It? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 520-537.[CrossRef]