休谟问题的本质探析——以《人类理解研究》为中心的考察

An Exploration of the Essence of Hume’s Problem—An Investigation Centered on “An Enquiry into Concerning Human Understanding”

摘要: 自休谟问题提出以来，如何理解和探究休谟问题就成为了哲学家们的挑战。哲学界对“休谟问题”的理解与回应一直未曾中断。本文系统梳理休谟在认识论层面对因果推理与经验的论证逻辑，旨在还原“休谟问题”的本质内涵，并探讨其在近代哲学中的地位与影响。通过对知觉分类、因果关系的经验基础、习惯原则及其局限性的分析，指出休谟问题实质上是对归纳推理合理性的怀疑。休谟的经验主义怀疑论对传统哲学构成了强有力的挑战。通过探讨其对康德及其批判哲学所产生的深刻影响，可以看出西方哲学正是在这一背景下进入了一个关键性的转型阶段。此外，论文还考察了休谟问题在当代哲学中的重述与延展，特别是波普尔的证伪主义重构了科学合理性的判断标准，认知科学的研究也为休谟的心理习惯理论提供了实证支持。

Abstract: Since the Hume problem was proposed, how to understand and explore it has become a challenge for philosophers. The philosophical community has never stopped understanding and responding to the “Hume problem”. This article systematically sorts out Hume’s argument logic on causal reasoning and experience at the epistemological level, aiming to restore the essential connotation of the “Hume problem” and explore its status and influence in modern philosophy. Through the analysis of perceptual classification, the empirical basis of causal relationship, the habitual principle and its limitations, it is pointed out that Hume’s problem is essentially a doubt about the rationality of inductive reasoning. Hume’s empiricist skepticism is a challenge to traditional philosophy. By commenting on the profound influence of Hume’s philosophy on Kant and his critical philosophy, it is revealed that Western philosophy has entered an important turning point. In addition, the paper also examines the restatement and extension of Hume’s problem in contemporary philosophy, especially Popper’s falsificationism reconstructs the judgment criteria of scientific rationality, and the research of cognitive science also provides empirical support for Hume’s theory of psychological habits.