熵指数与脑电双频指数对针刺镇静效能评价的比较
Comparison of Entropy Index and Bispectral Index in Evaluating the Efficacy of Acupuncture Sedation
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1582289, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 张世平, 朱利娟, 李 鑫, 宁莎莎, 赵义康, 朱 婧*:陕西省人民医院麻醉科,陕西 西安
关键词: 针刺穴位脑电双频指数镇静评价研究Acupuncture Acupoints Bispectral Index Entropy Sedation Evaluation Study
摘要: 目的:观察针刺内关、合谷、足三里穴的镇静效能以及镇静过程中镇静指标的变化,比较熵指数和脑电双频指数在监测针刺镇静效果方面的差异。方法:选取60例健康志愿者入组,使用随机数字表法分为熵指数组(S组,n = 30)和脑电双频指数组(B组,n = 30),两组采用相同的试验方案,均需经历静息态和镇静态两个阶段。从静息态至镇静态,每2.5分钟记录1次状态熵(SE)、反应熵(RE)、脑电双频指数(BIS)、和警觉/镇静观察评分法(OAA/S)评分,并记录留针至进入镇静态所需要的时间。结果:两组志愿者均可以进入镇静状态,且所用的时间无统计学差异。BIS、RE和SE均可反应针刺镇静的水平,与BIS和SE相比,当达到镇静态时,RE先降低,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:针刺内关、合谷、足三里能较快达到镇静效果,并可用熵指数和BIS来评价镇静效果,其中RE对针刺镇静的预测更具时效性。
Abstract: Objective: To observe the sedative efficacy of acupuncture at Neiguan (PC6), Hegu (LI4), and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints, as well as the changes of sedative indices during sedation, and compare the differences between entropy index and bispectral index (BIS) in monitoring the sedative effect of acupuncture. Methods: Sixty healthy volunteers were enrolled and divided into an entropy index group (group S, n = 30) and a bispectral index group (group B, n = 30) using a random number table. Both groups adopted the same protocol, including a resting state and a sedative state. From the resting state to the sedative state, state entropy (SE), response entropy (RE), BIS, and Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) score were recorded every 2.5 minutes, and the time from needle retention to the sedative state was documented. Results: Volunteers in both groups entered the sedative state, with no statistical difference in the time required. BIS, RE, and SE all reflected the level of acupuncture sedation. Compared with BIS and SE, RE decreased first when reaching the sedative state, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture at Neiguan, Hegu, and Zusanli can achieve sedation rapidly. Both entropy index and BIS can evaluate sedative efficacy, with RE demonstrating better timeliness in predicting acupuncture sedation.
文章引用:张世平, 朱利娟, 李鑫, 宁莎莎, 赵义康, 朱婧. 熵指数与脑电双频指数对针刺镇静效能评价的比较[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(8): 721-728. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1582289

1. 引言

针刺穴区可优化患者的生理和心理状态,减轻术前焦虑、紧张的情绪,具有一定的镇静作用,被广泛用于临床麻醉[1]。目前,大部分研究集中在针刺与麻醉药物结合,观察针刺组较之不用针剌的常规药物组少用了多少麻醉药物,间接给出一个“量”的概念,但始终无法为针刺镇静效能评价提供一个真正的“量”度,这限制了个体化用药和精准麻醉的实施[2] [3]。脑电双频指数、熵指数常被用于麻醉深度的监测和药物作用的评价。因此,本研究拟对针刺时镇静程度进行评价,为针刺镇静提供更加精确的量化标准,对于完善镇静效能评价具有重要的意义。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象选择

经陕西省人民医院伦理审查委员会批准,本试验符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的规定。随机纳入60例志愿者参加本研究,随机分为脑电双频指数组(B组,n = 30)和熵指数组(S组,n = 30),所有志愿者均签署知情同意书,并清楚告知本试验目的、研究内容和方案、可能承担的风险、受益、收费、保密协议、退出权利等。

① 纳入标准:年龄30~60岁;汉族;性别不限;ASA分级I~II级;右利手;BMI为18.5~29.9 kg/m2

② 排除标准:有精神疾病或正在服用抗精神病类药物(氯丙嗪、氟哌啶醇、奥氮平、利培酮、喹硫平等典型或非典型抗精神病药物)者;酒精成瘾或依赖者;经简易精神状态检查(Mini-mental state examination, MMSE)判定存在认知功能障碍者;严重的听觉、视觉、语言系统功能损害者;3个月内发生过脑血管意外,如卒中,短暂性脑缺血发作等;肝肾功能严重异常者;3个月内发生过不稳定型心绞痛、心肌梗死者;血压 ≥ 180/110 mmHg (WHO-ISH高血压指南3级高血压);确定/怀疑有滥用或长期应用麻醉性镇静镇痛药物者;30天内参加其他研究的患者;具有严重呼吸系统疾病的患者。

本试验选择重复测量设计方差分析法进行样本量估算,根据文献中BIS参数[4],估算出样本量至少为20例。

2.2. 研究方法

试验时间均在上午8~12点,整个过程志愿者处于安静、温度适(24℃~26℃)、昏暗的环境中,同时使用耳塞、眼贴,不进行任何思维活动。监测生命体征:平均动脉压(Mean arterial pressure, MAP);心率(Heart rate, HR);脉搏血氧饱和度(Saturation of pulse oxygen, SpO2);II导联心电图(Electrocardiograph, ECG)。

B组将BIS监测仪的电极放置于前额正中、眉弓上和颞部,S组将谱熵监测仪的电极放置于同侧前额正中、眉弓上和颞部,采集BIS、SE和RE的数值。

要求志愿者保持静息下清醒状态30分钟,采集静息态的脑电数据后开始实施针刺。穴位定位参照国家标准《腧穴名称与定位》(GB/T12346-2006) [5]。患者取仰卧位,所选穴位用75%的乙醇常规消毒,选用0.25 mm × 40 mm一次性无菌针灸针进行针刺。内关穴直刺10~15 mm;合谷穴直刺10~15 mm;足三里穴直刺15~20 mm;配穴按局部肌肉厚度调节针刺深度,进针后行捻转手法,使针下得气后留针,本研究针刺操作均由同一副主任医师完成。用警觉/镇静观察评分(Observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation, OAA/S评分)对针刺镇静的情况进行评估[6]。OAA/S评分 ≤ 3分持续10 min时,认为进入镇静态,达到镇静态后,持续记录BIS、SE、RE。

记录留针开始到镇静态开始所需要的时间;从静息态(T0)至镇静态每2.5分钟记录一次BIS、SE、RE、OAA/S评分(见表1)。以上观察指标均在安静环境、无疼痛刺激情况下获取。

Table 1. Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S Scale)

1. 警觉/镇静观察评分(OAA/S评分)

反应

言语

面部表情

眼睛

得分

对呼唤名字应答自如

正常

正常

明亮,无下垂

5 (清醒)

对呼唤名字反应倦怠

稍慢

轻度放松

有光泽或轻度下垂 (小于眼的一半)

4

仅对大声呼唤名字有应答

言语不清或明显变慢

明显放松

有光泽并明显下垂 (大于眼的一半)

3

对轻度刺戳或摇动有反应

几乎不能分辨

2

对轻度刺戳或摇动无反应

1

2.3. 统计学分析

采用SPSS26.0版本进行数据统计分析和Graphpad Prism10.0版本进行绘图。分类资料在两组上进行卡方检验和Fisher精确检验,用例数(百分比)来表示;连续性资料在两组上符合正态分布和方差齐性采取t检验,用均数 ± 标准差( χ ¯ ± S)表示;BIS、RE、SE在组内不同时间点采取单因素的重复测量方差分析,以P < 0.05为有显著差异。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组一般资料比较

两组性别、年龄、BMI、HR、MAP、SpO2、OAA/S评分、从针刺开始到镇静态的时间等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2

Table 2. Comparison of two groups of general data

2. 两组一般资料比较

S组(n = 30)

B组(n = 30)

χ2/t

P

性别

0.067

0.796

16 (53.33%)

15 (50.00%)

14 (46.67%)

15 (50.00%)

OAA/S评分

0.131

1.000

2

4 (13.33%)

5 (16.67%)

3

26 (86.67%)

25 (83.33%)

年龄

43.00 ± 6.65

43.17 ± 5.87

−0.103

0.918

BMI

24.07 ± 1.88

24.10 ± 2.01

−0.060

0.953

HR

74.27 ± 4.67

74.10 ± 5.22

0.130

0.897

MAP

75.27 ± 2.45

76.17 ± 3.15

−1.235

0.222

SpO2

99.87 ± 0.35

99.90 ± 0.31

−0.396

0.694

到达镇静态的时间

14.57 ± 1.14

14.93 ± 0.98

−1.339

0.186

3.2. 两组志愿者针刺过程中BIS、RE、SE的变化

对不同时间点的BIS、RE、SE进行重复测量方差分析,结果显示T + 7.5时间点,BIS、RE明显降低,在T + 15时间点,SE明显下降,且有显著差异(P < 0.05) (见表3,见图1)。

Table 3. Changes in BIS, RE, and SE at different time points in the two groups of volunteers

3. 两组志愿者不同时间点BIS、RE、SE的变化

BIS

RE

SE

T0

97.60 ± 0.72

97.77 ± 0.77

88.60 ± 1.04

T + 2.5

97.53 ± 0.68

97.80 ± 0.66

88.73 ± 0.94

T + 5

97.57 ± 0.57

97.67 ± 0.61

88.73 ± 0.94

T + 7.5

86.47 ± 0.94

86.70 ± 0.79

85.77 ± 1.01

T + 10

81.63 ± 1.79

84.60 ± 2.40

85.23 ± 0.94

T + 12.5

81.53 ± 1.55

74.17 ± 3.05

84.97 ± 1.35

T + 15

72.63 ± 1.94

70.13 ± 1.48

73.77 ± 2.39

T + 17.5

70.47 ± 1.55

69.43 ± 1.43

71.67 ± 2.12

T + 20

69.23 ± 1.07

68.70 ± 1.09

71.13 ± 2.22

T + 22.5

68.67 ± 1.15

68.63 ± 1.10

71.17 ± 2.17

T + 25

67.97 ± 1.03

68.13 ± 1.07

70.60 ± 2.36

T + 30

69.53 ± 1.76

68.00 ± 0.83

69.53 ± 2.27

F

3053.827

7756.542

308.624

P

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Figure 1. Trends of BIS, RE, and SE in the two groups of volunteers

1. 两组志愿者BIS、RE、SE的变化趋势

4. 讨论

熵指数是原始脑电图和额肌电图的信号通过熵运算公式和Datex-Ohmeda公司独立开发的频谱熵应用程序处理而得,在麻醉深度监测中得到广泛应用。熵指数包括状态熵(State Entropy, SE)、反应熵(Reaction Entropy, RE) [7] [8]。其中,前者可以对脑电图信号进行收集,体现大脑皮质的具体变化,后者除对低频率外,还包括监测高频率的额肌电信号。病人清醒的程度越高,大脑功能就愈不均衡,熵指数就越高,麻醉越深,其大脑功能就越均匀,熵指数越低。

Zhong LL [9]等观察到刺激足三里、神门、三阴交诱导镇静过程中,几乎每个电极反应镇静深度的复合排列熵指数值均降低。脑电双频指数(BIS)是对脑电图信号进行量化后转化为数值,其能够实时反映大脑皮层及皮质下的意识水平,并能够快速反映镇静水平的改变[10]。脑电信号的改变已经被广泛应用于针刺穴区效应的特异性研究。研究表明,与非穴刺激假针刺比,针刺内关穴可显著增加脑电信号,在各频带,平均振幅较高,还能增加α带的振幅和功率,使α波段的频率峰值均同步,并且针刺后保持高功率、同步频率,有后遗效应[11]。另有研究者通过记录脑电图信号,研究了在刺激足三里穴位过程中的脑电信号的变化,发现随着镇静加深,伴随着α波段功率的降低和δ波段功率的升高,并且排列熵较低,这表明刺激足三里降低了EEG信号的复杂性。以上发现表明,单独刺激穴位即可诱导出可观察到的镇静效应,且这种镇静效应伴随着与意识相关的脑活动变化[12]。穴区是针刺作用的靶点,也是影响针灸效应的重要因素[13]

本研究将合谷穴、内关穴、足三里穴配伍用于镇静是基于以下理论:合谷穴是手阳明大肠经之原穴,有通经活络、镇静止痛的作用[14];内关穴为手厥阴心包经络穴,有宁心安神、止痛之功效[15];足三里穴属于足阳明大肠经,有行气活血、理气止痛的功效[16]。以合谷、内关为主穴,配合足三里的补中益气、通经活络效果,能够进一步促进气血运行,增强镇静的效果[17];从西医角度而言,针刺还能升高促进镇静的单胺类神经递质5-HT、5-HIAA的活性,降低促进觉醒的单胺类神经递质NE、DA的活性,从而起到镇静作用[18] [19]。本研究比较镇静状态下脑电双频指数(Bispectral index, BIS)、状态熵(State entropy, SE)和反应熵(Response entropy, RE)的变化,发现BIS、RE、SE 曲线随着针刺时间的增加呈现明显的下降趋势,且在15分钟后,呈现比较稳定的镇静状态,这表明针刺合谷穴、内关穴、足三里穴可以产生镇静作用。

本研究观察到,S组与B组的OAA/S评分没有差异,并且熵指数和BIS均可反映镇静水平变化,存在良好的一致性和相关性,但是RE比SE、BIS预测意识消失更及时,可能的原因是:RE包括状态熵和额肌熵,额肌纤维的收缩由脑干控制,针刺镇静产生作用的脑干水平先于皮质水平,故进入镇静状态后最先引起额肌活动减弱[20],稍后才观察到镇静效应。本研究提示针刺合谷穴、内关穴、足三里穴镇静态的BIS、RE和SE的临界值是72.63 ± 1.94,70.13 ± 1.48,73.77 ± 2.39,为临床应用提供参考。本研究的局限性在于缺乏对照组和盲法、且样本为健康志愿者,可能限制结论的外推性。未来研究应通过多中心、大样本的研究,进一步明确不同监测方式在针刺镇静中的应用效果。

基金项目

陕西省科学技术厅自然科学基础研究计划一般项目2024JC-YBMS-763,陕西省人民医院科技发展孵化基金2023YJY-21,陕西省重点研发计划项目2024SF-YBXM-401。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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