胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的研究进展
Research Progress on Self-Management of Insulin-Treated Patients
摘要: 胰岛素治疗是糖尿病患者血糖控制的关键环节,其自我管理能力直接关联治疗效果与生存质量。本文综述了胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的研究进展,聚焦现状、评估工具、影响因素及干预策略。影响患者自我管理能力的因素复杂多样,包括人口社会学因素、心理因素、社会家庭因素及电子健康素养等。为提升患者的自我管理能力,需要采取综合的干预策略,包括健康教育、心理干预和技术干预等。未来,需要进一步探索和优化胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的评估工具和干预措施,精准评估国内胰岛素治疗患者自我管理现状及影响因素,结合个体差异构建自我管理行为干预模式,以期提升患者的生活质量和治疗效果。
Abstract: Insulin therapy is a key component of glycemic control in diabetic patients, and their self-management ability is directly related to treatment effects and survival quality. This article reviews the research progress of self-management in insulin-treated patients, focusing on the current situation, assessment tools, influencing factors and intervention strategies. Factors affecting patients’ self-management ability are complex and varied, including demographic and sociological, psychological, socio-familial, and e-health literacy factors. In order to enhance patients’ self-management ability, comprehensive intervention strategies are needed, including health education, psychological interventions, and technological interventions. In the future, it is necessary to further explore and optimize the assessment tools and interventions for self-management of insulin-treated patients, accurately assess the current status of self-management of insulin-treated patients in China and the influencing factors, and construct a self-management behavioral intervention model by taking into account the individual differences, with the aim of enhancing the quality of life of patients and the therapeutic effects.
文章引用:王会娟, 李文华, 刘延峰. 胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(8): 846-854. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1582307

1. 引言

2021年国际糖尿病联合会记录的全球成人糖尿病患病率为5.366亿人,预测到2045年将增加到7.832亿人[1]。胰岛素治疗是1型糖尿病及部分2型糖尿病患者控制血糖的重要手段,通过补充或替代体内胰岛素分泌不足,有效控制血糖水平,从而预防和延缓糖尿病相关并发症的发生,改善患者的生活质量[2] [3]。为确保治疗效果,胰岛素治疗患者需严格遵循复杂的胰岛素注射和血糖监测方案,不当的自我管理可能导致血糖波动加剧、并发症风险增加[4] [5],甚至引发严重低血糖事件[6],影响治疗效果和患者预后。系统、科学的胰岛素自我管理策略对于巩固治疗效果、降低再入院率、提升患者的生活质量至关重要。然而,相关研究[7] [8]显示,糖尿病患者在胰岛素自我管理方面存在知识、态度和实践方面的不足。因此,深入研究胰岛素治疗患者的自我管理问题,明确影响患者自我管理能力的关键因素,探索科学有效的自我管理评估工具和综合干预措施,对于改善我国胰岛素治疗患者的预后具有重要的临床意义和社会价值。本文综述胰岛素治疗患者胰岛素自我管理的现状、评估工具、影响因素及现阶段干预策略,以期为护理人员提供更全面、科学的胰岛素自我管理支持策略提供参考依据。

2. 胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的现状

自我管理是指患者在胰岛素治疗过程中,通过主动参与、学习和实践一系列技能和行为,以有效控制血糖水平、预防并发症,并维持良好的生活质量[9]。这种自我管理不仅包括对胰岛素治疗的依从性,还涉及对疾病的认识、自我监测、饮食调整、运动管理、应对突发状况等方面的综合能力。Nasruddin等[10]对249名2型糖尿病患者的调查显示,胰岛素治疗的依从性仅为8.43%。在一项涵盖24个国家、涉及8303名患者的调查[11]中,共有4596名患者接受胰岛素治疗。结果显示,14.0%的1型糖尿病患者和13.7%的2型糖尿病患者报告曾自行停用胰岛素,平均停药时间为1~2个月。一项针对英国糖尿病健康论坛的质性研究发现[12],一些患者在基本的自我管理技能方面存在不足,如注射技术等。在中国,一项针对1型糖尿病患者的调查显示[13],仅有11.4%的患者使用胰岛素泵治疗,而大多数患者仍采用多次每日注射胰岛素的方式。曹俊等[14]的研究显示,国内糖尿病自我管理的参与度不高。由于受到生理状况、教育水平及社会环境等多重因素的影响,不同疾病类型和地区的患者自我管理依从性存在显著差异,但总体上胰岛素治疗患者的自我管理依从性仍处于较低水平。

3. 胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的评估工具

3.1. 胰岛素治疗自我管理量表(Insulin Treatment Self-Management Scale, IT-SMS)

IT-SMS由Okuroglu等[15]于2014年编制,2020年发表,用于评估糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗自我管理水平,量表包括行为、认知和情绪3个维度,共32个条目。采用Likert 5级评分法,“非常不同意”到“非常同意”分别赋值1~5分,得分越高表示糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗自我管理水平越好。该量表总Cronbach’s α系数为0.91,各维度的Cronbach’s α系数为0.86~0.88。我国学者陈艺文等[16]于2024年将其汉化形成中文版IT-SMS,包括行为(8个条目)、认知(10个条目)、情绪(8个条目)和态度(5个条目) 4个维度,共31个条目。总Cronbach’s α系数为0.928,重测信度系数为0.883。具有良好的信效度,可作为我国糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗自我管理水平的评估。但样本量单一,未来可在不同样本及来源中展开研究,进一步验证其信效度。杨艳惠等[17]于2024年将IT-SMS汉化,包含3个维度,共27个条目。量表Cronbach’s α系数为0.916,重测信度为0.851。信效度较好,可作为评估胰岛素治疗患者自我管理能力的有效工具。但该汉化后的量表未经广泛验证,未来可扩大样本量及来源,进一步验证该量表的可行性和实用性。

3.2. 糖尿病自我管理量表(The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire, DSMQ)

DSMQ由德国学者Schmitt等[18]编制,包括血糖控制、饮食控制、体育锻炼、卫生保健的应用和自我管理总体评价4个维度,共16个条目。采用Likert 4级评分法,从“不符合”到“非常符合”分别计0~3分,得分越高表示糖尿病患者的自我管理水平越好。我国学者李超群等[19]于2018年将其汉化形成中文版DSMQ,包括5个维度,共16个条目。该量表总Cronbach’s α系数为0.764,各指标均在可接受范围内,可作为我国糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗自我管理水平的评估。

4. 胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的影响因素

4.1. 人口社会学因素

4.1.1. 年龄与性别

研究[20]-[22]表明,老年人因身体机能与认知能力衰退在胰岛素自我注射时面临低血糖风险增加、注射时间与剂量遗忘等生理心理挑战,且较年轻患者更依赖传统自我管理方法,导致依从性显著降低。Wisting等[23]研究发现,女性患者在疾病感知和胰岛素担忧方面更消极,但在应对策略上更积极。可能与女性存在较多治疗心理障碍进而影响依从性相关。因此,针对不同年龄和性别的患者,需要制定个性化的自我管理策略。

4.1.2. 教育程度

多项研究证实[24]-[26],受教育水平较高的患者不仅对胰岛素注射的正确理解程度更高,自我管理行为也更规范,能够更好地掌握胰岛素治疗的相关知识与技能,因而更倾向于自主完成胰岛素注射,在治疗接受度和依从性方面表现更优。研究[27] [28]表明,文化程度较低的患者往往对胰岛素治疗存在较高的心理抗拒,即所谓的“心理胰岛素抵抗”(Psychological Insulin Resistance, PIR)。PIR是指2型糖尿病患者因心理因素而产生的对胰岛素治疗的抵触或犹豫现象,主要源于对注射疼痛、低血糖风险、生活质量影响及经济负担等方面的担忧,以及对胰岛素治疗的误解,进而影响其接受和依从胰岛素治疗的意愿[29]。Zhang等[28]的研究中,82.1%的2型糖尿病患者存在PIR,提示PIR是一个需要重点关注和干预的问题,以改善患者的治疗依从性和血糖控制。

4.1.3. 病程与经济状况

胰岛素使用时间越长,患者对胰岛素的依从性和自我管理能力可能越强[30]。然而,长期使用胰岛素也可能导致患者对药物产生依赖或抵触情绪,从而影响其自我管理行为[30] [31]。Zhang等[28]的研究表明,经济状况较差的患者更可能面临胰岛素治疗的经济负担,从而影响其依从性和自我管理能力。护理人员在制定和实施自我管理支持计划时,必须充分考虑这些个体差异,提供个性化、针对性的指导和支持,以帮助不同背景的患者克服障碍,提升自我管理效能。

4.2. 心理因素

胰岛素治疗作为一种长期干预措施,糖尿病患者可能面临低血糖、体重增加及生活便利性降低等挑战,这些因素可能诱发患者的焦虑和抑郁情绪。Shahbaz等[32]的研究纳入320例糖尿病患者(平均病程7年),结果显示,抑郁症患病率为43.7%,患者焦虑、抑郁水平与胰岛素自我管理行为呈显著负相关[11] [33]。为改善糖尿病患者心理状况与胰岛素治疗依从性,建议临床医护人员重点关注患者心理健康,及时识别并干预焦虑、抑郁等心理问题[34]。Winkley等[35]的研究表明,通过系统性心理干预联合社会支持体系构建,可显著改善患者负性情绪状态,提升胰岛素治疗依从性及自我管理效能,进而优化临床治疗结局与生活质量。因此,在糖尿病全程管理中,需强化心理因素的动态评估与干预介入,推动实现“身心同治”的整合型诊疗模式。

4.3. 自我效能感

根据班杜拉自我效能理论[36],自我效能感作为行为改变的核心驱动因素,通过调控个体动机水平、情绪状态及认知加工过程实现对行为的调节作用。Alshaikh等[37]的研究显示,高自我效能感患者在健康行为执行中呈现出更强的主动性与持续性。该类患者不仅能自主制定血糖监测方案、规范实施胰岛素注射操作,还可依据病情动态调整自我管理策略。Lo等[38]的研究进一步证实,此类患者更倾向于主动参与胰岛素剂量调整、饮食运动协同管理等复杂任务,面对低血糖风险时仍能保持执行信心。与之相反,低自我效能感患者常因操作恐惧或疗效焦虑,出现注射延迟、剂量遗漏等回避行为,甚至放弃规律性管理[39]。临床实践中,可通过成功案例示范、分阶段技能培训及正向反馈机制等干预措施,提升患者自我效能,增强其对胰岛素治疗的掌控感,进而改善自我管理行为有效性。

4.4. 社会家庭因素

社会支持水平越高,糖尿病患者胰岛素自我管理能力越强[40]。Gu等[41]的研究表明,支持性家庭行为与糖尿病患者的自我管理和感知血糖控制呈正相关,这表明家庭成员的支持可能通过促进患者在胰岛素注射等关键自我管理行为上的依从性,进而改善其血糖控制。家人、朋友、同事及医疗团队等应给予患者情感陪伴、经济支持、心理疏导、知识科普及资源链接等,帮助糖尿病患者缓解消极情绪,提升自我效能感与生活信心,使其更好地适应疾病管理生活,主动参与自我健康维护,对胰岛素治疗效果和疾病控制起到积极推动作用。医护人员应着力提升糖尿病患者的社会支持水平,构建医院–家庭–社会协同支持体系,助力患者实现更有效的胰岛素自我管理[31]

4.5. 电子健康素养

电子健康素养(eHealth Literacy)指个体通过数字技术获取、理解和应用健康信息的能力,已成为胰岛素泵、移动健康应用等数字化管理工具发挥效能的关键前提[42]。研究[43] [44]表明,胰岛素泵的使用可以提高患者的血糖控制水平,但部分患者由于缺乏电子健康素养而未能充分利用这些工具。此外,移动健康应用在促进患者自我管理方面具有一定的潜力,但其成功依赖于患者对数字技术的接受度和使用能力[31]。提高患者的电子健康素养,可以充分发挥胰岛素泵和移动健康应用工具的潜力,提升患者的健康管理和生活质量。因此,应重视电子健康素养的培养和提升,以促进数字化健康管理的发展。

5. 胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的干预策略

5.1. 健康教育

胰岛素治疗患者健康教育是通过系统化知识传授与行为指导,帮助患者掌握疾病管理技能,提升其对胰岛素作用机制、注射技术、血糖监测及生活方式干预的认知水平,进而实现有效控糖、预防并发症及改善生活质量的目标。一项系统综述[45]指出,结构化教育可显著提升胰岛素治疗患者的知识水平、态度及实践能力,通过教育干预,能有效改善患者血糖控制、降低低血糖事件发生率。Chu等[46]对80名使用胰岛素笔的2型糖尿病门诊患者进行健康教育干预,研究采用预定义的结构问卷,分别于干预前、干预后1个月及干预后2个月,对患者低血糖防治知识与胰岛素笔使用的知识水平进行评估。结果显示,干预前患者对低血糖和胰岛素笔使用的知识水平较低,经健康教育干预后,知识水平显著提升,并在干预后2个月仍维持良好状态。进一步分析发现,年轻患者、高收入患者及接受胰岛素笔专项咨询的患者,其知识掌握与实践能力改善更为显著。健康教育作为胰岛素治疗患者自我管理的重要策略,能够有效提升患者疾病管理能力,改善临床结局,但其效果因患者教育水平、依从性等因素影响,需结合个体情况进行个性化干预。

5.2. 心理干预

多项研究[47]-[49]结果表明,心理干预对胰岛素治疗患者的自我管理行为和心理状态具有显著的正向影响。一项系统评价[48]指出,心理干预可显著降低2型糖尿病患者的糖化血红蛋白水平,并对抑郁症状及糖尿病困扰具有潜在改善作用,但其长期效果仍需进一步研究。Jauhari等[50]的研究证实,认知行为疗法(Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, CBT)可显著改善糖尿病患者自我管理行为,涵盖饮食依从性、体力活动、血糖监测、药物规范使用及足部护理。Gulley等[51]纳入119例12~17岁超重或肥胖且有2型糖尿病家族史的女性青少年,随机分为6周CBT组与健康教育组。研究在干预前、干预后和干预后1年,对参与者体重指数、体脂百分比及胰岛素抵抗水平进行评估;同时,在干预期间每周监测活动频率、活动愉悦度、积极和消极思维等指标。结果表明,CBT组中增加身体活动频率和活动愉悦度与抑郁症状的减少显著相关,并通过减轻抑郁间接降低了体重指数和胰岛素抵抗。心理干预可通过改善患者负性情绪、提升自我效能感,为胰岛素自我管理提供心理支撑,但需关注不同患者心理需求的个体差异性。

5.3. 技术干预

胰岛素治疗患者的自我管理依赖高效便捷的技术工具以提升管理效能。可穿戴设备和智能应用,因其操作简便、实时监测的特性,在胰岛素治疗监测中展现出显著的应用潜力。Tsuru等[52]将智能笔(Smart Pen, SP)应用于4例老年糖尿病患者的胰岛素自我注射管理中,研究显示,智能笔可精准识别漏针、重复注射等注射错误,通过家庭成员参与(如日志检查)有效减少错误发生,进而显著提升患者自我管理能力。此外,该设备还通过强化家庭支持功能优化了胰岛素注射管理。研究证实,智能笔在提升老年患者自我注射安全性及自我管理能力方面优势显著,但需进一步优化设备易用性与可及性。Kovatchev等[53]基于数字孪生技术构建适应性生物行为控制系统,以改善1型糖尿病患者的自动胰岛素输送(Automated Insulin Delivery, AID)效果。研究纳入77名18~70岁的1型糖尿病患者,接受AID单独治疗、信息反馈和适应性生物行为控制系统干预。该系统整合信息反馈模块、生理适应模块及网络模拟工具,通过数字孪生技术每两周动态优化AID的治疗参数,并支持患者进行场景模拟试验。结果表明,该控制系统在未增加低血糖风险的前提下,显著提升患者血糖控制效果。研究证实了数字孪生技术在AID系统中的有效性,为糖尿病管理的个性化、智能化发展提供了理论依据。综上,技术干预通过智能设备与应用的协同运作,实现对胰岛素治疗患者的动态实时监测与管理,显著提升自我管理效能及临床治疗效果。

6. 小结

胰岛素治疗患者的自我管理是涵盖药物注射、血糖监测、生活方式干预等多维度的复杂协同过程。现有干预策略(如健康教育、心理支持、智能技术应用)虽已证实能有效提升患者自我管理能力,但在跨人群普适性及长期效果追踪方面仍存在局限。此外,当前研究缺乏针对年龄、性别、教育程度、病程及经济状况等个体差异的个性化干预方案。未来,我国学者需基于现有研究成果,精准评估国内胰岛素治疗患者自我管理现状及影响因素,结合个体差异构建符合我国国情的自我管理行为干预模式,以助力患者提升自我管理效能、降低再入院率、改善生活质量,进而实现血糖有效控制与并发症预防的糖尿病全程管理目标。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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