章太炎“儒侠”思想探微

Exploration of Zhang Taiyan’s “Confucian Chivalrous” Thought

摘要: 章太炎批判宋明理学偏于空疏性理，亦不满阳明后学轻礼尚内的主张，认为其言性明理，实则轻礼废教，误以良知之说取代礼义规范，导致儒者失却德行根本。尽管如此，章太炎仍承认王阳明“知行合一”所蕴涵的道德自觉，并在其基础上，将其与子路的果敢品格相结合，提出兼具道德理想与行动勇力的“儒侠”概念。其既是对传统游侠“矜一节以自雄”之弊的超越，亦是对儒家“舍生取义”理想的现实化诠释。通过对儒与侠的双重批判与整合，章太炎塑造出既有理性节义又具果敢担当的新型儒者形象。此种人格理想超越传统游侠之重情轻理，也异于宋明理学之空谈心性，展现出面对时代危局的道德思想路径。

Abstract: Zhang Taiyan criticizes the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties for its emptiness of human nature, and also disagrees with the idea that Yangming’s followers despise etiquette and advocate internality. He believes that its statement of human nature is reasonable, but in fact it despise etiquette and despise religion, and mistakenly replaces the norms of etiquette with the theory of conscience, which leads to the loss of morality of Confucians. Nevertheless, Zhang Taiyan still recognized the moral consciousness contained in Wang Yangming’s “unity of knowledge and action”, and on this basis, combined it with the bold character of Zilu, and put forward the concept of “Confucian swordsman” with both moral ideal and action courage. It is not only a transcendence of the disadvantages of the traditional ranger’s “self-reliance”, but also a realistic interpretation of the Confucian ideal of “sacrifice for righteousness”. Through the double criticism and integration of Confucianism and chivalry, Zhang Taiyan created a new type of Confucian image that is both rational and courageous. This kind of personality ideal transcends the traditional knight-errant’s emphasis on emotion and contempt for reason, and is also different from the empty talk of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, showing the moral thinking path in the face of the crisis of the times.