青少年足球运动员速度素质与反向跳跃能力提升的训练方法研究述评

A Review of Training Methods for Improving Speed Quality and Reverse Jumping Ability in Adolescent Football Players

摘要: 足球作为全球最具影响力的体育运动，其竞技表现高度依赖于运动员的综合身体素质。尽管我国足球运动群众基础广泛，但青训体系中关于关键体能要素——特别是速度素质与反向跳跃能力的科学化训练仍存在明显不足，这直接制约了高水平足球人才的培养效率。本研究采用文献综述法，系统检索Web of Science、PubMed及CNKI等数据库中2000~2023年间相关中英文文献，通过比较分析得出以下结果：1) 速度素质采用信号刺激法、快速重复练习法与短跑训练，同时加入力量训练，上肢采用杠铃快速挺举训练，下肢采用负重深蹲后向上跳跃；2) 反向跳跃能力作为爆发力指标，可通过臀桥以及负重深蹲后冲刺跑来加强；3) 将这两种素质训练整合至周期化训练计划中，可协同提升足球运动员的变向加速能力(COD)与短距离冲刺表现(10 m冲刺时间缩短0.18 s)。建议我国青训体系建立“素质–技术–战术”的递进发展模式，通过生物力学监控(如MyotonPRO肌肉刚度检测)个性化调整训练负荷，以弥补与国际先进水平的差距。

Abstract: As the most influential sport in the world, football’s competitive performance is highly dependent on the overall physical fitness of athletes. Although the mass base of football in our country is extensive, there are still significant deficiencies in the scientific training of key physical fitness elements, especially speed quality and reverse jumping ability, in the youth training system, which directly restricts the efficiency of cultivating high-level football talents. This study used a literature review method to systematically search for relevant Chinese and English literature from databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI between 2000 and 2023. Through comparative analysis, the following results were obtained: 1) Speed quality was achieved through signal stimulation, rapid repetition training, and short distance training, while strength training was added. The upper limbs were trained with barbell rapid clean and jerk exercises, and the lower limbs were trained with weight-bearing squats followed by upward jumps; 2) Reverse jumping ability, as an indicator of explosive power, can be strengthened through hip bridges and sprinting after weight-bearing squats. 3) Integrating these two qualities into a periodic training plan can synergistically improve the directional acceleration ability (COD) and short distance sprinting performance of football players (shortening the 10 m sprinting time by 0.18 s). It is suggested that China’s youth training system establish a progressive development model of “quality technology tactics”, and adjust the training load through biomechanical monitoring (such as MyotonPRO muscle stiffness testing) to make up for the gap with international advanced levels.