2012和2024版人教版初中数学教材中有理数内容的对比研究

A Comparative Study on the Content of Rational Numbers in the 2012 and 2024 Editions of Junior High School Mathematics Textbooks Published by People’s Education Press

摘要: 数学作为基础学科，其核心是数量关系与空间形式的研究。教材是知识的重要载体，是教师进行授课传播知识以及学生学习新知识的重要媒介。鉴于此，本研究以2012年和2024年出版的人教版初中数学教材中为研究对象，聚焦于有理数内容，结合《义务教育数学课程标准(2011年版)》与《义务教育数学课程标准(2022年版)》，从课程标准、章节排版、体系结构、知识导入及题目设置等方面进行对比分析。对两版课程标准研究发现，2022年版课程标准新增数学核心素养具体要求，强调“三会”目标，将负数内容从小学调整至初中，并将课程内容进一步细化为内容要求、学业要求和教学提示。对于两版教材，2024年版教材在章节排版上更注重概念与运算的分层设计，将有理数内容拆分为“有理数的基本概念”和“有理数的运算及运算律”两章，并且强化有理数大小比较的重要性；体系结构中新增“图说数学史”“探究与发现”等板块，融入数学史文化以及数系扩充思想；题目设置在总体数量上有所增加，更侧重基础巩固与综合应用。

Abstract: Mathematics, as a fundamental discipline, centers on the study of quantitative relationships and spatial forms. Textbooks serve as crucial carriers of knowledge, acting as essential media for teachers to deliver instruction and students to acquire new knowledge. In light of this, this study takes the 2012 and 2024 editions of the People’s Education Press (PEP) junior high school mathematics textbooks as its research subjects. Focusing on the content related to rational numbers, it conducts a comparative analysis against the Compulsory Education Mathematics Curriculum Standards (2011 Edition) and the Compulsory Education Mathematics Curriculum Standards (2022 Edition). The analysis encompasses aspects such as curriculum standards, chapter layout, structural organization, knowledge introduction methods, and exercise design. Research on the two editions of curriculum standards reveals that the 2022 edition introduces specific requirements for mathematics core competencies, emphasizing the “three competencies” goals. It relocates the content on negative numbers from primary to junior high school and further refines the curriculum content into content requirements, academic achievement requirements, and teaching suggestions. Regarding the textbooks, the 2024 edition demonstrates a greater emphasis on hierarchical design for concepts and operations in its chapter layout. It divides the rational numbers content into two distinct chapters: “Basic Concepts of Rational Numbers” and “Operations and Laws of Operations for Rational Numbers”, while also enhancing the importance of comparing rational numbers in magnitude. Structurally, new sections such as “Illustrated History of Mathematics” and “Exploration and Discovery” have been added, integrating mathematical history, culture, and the concept of number system expansion. The quantity of exercises has increased overall, with a greater emphasis on foundational consolidation and comprehensive application.