西塞罗与古典自然法的复兴

Cicero and the Rebirth of Classical Natural Law

摘要: 古典自然法理论是主导西方古代和中世纪的主流学说，到近现代遭到全面颠覆。近现代自然法思想家从人的经验性本性出发，演绎出伦理体系和自然法体系，由此，古典自然法逐渐演变为个人主体拥有的自然权利。法学理论的日益实证化激发了理论界对法律实证主义严格区别法律与道德的反思和批判，由此也导致了古典自然法学说的复兴。西塞罗是古希腊法律思想向罗马共和国传承中的集大成者。从推导自然法的理论依据本身出发，西塞罗用对人性的“描述性”论证建立起了“规范性”的道德和自然法理论，由此可以作为回应近现代自然法理论家反对古典自然法无法从事实中推导出价值规范的方式。

Abstract: Classical natural law theory was the leading theory that dominates the ancient and medieval ages in the West, and it has been completely rejected by modern political philosophy. Modern natural law theorists deduced the ethical system and the natural law system from the empirical nature of human beings, from which Classical natural law gradually evolved into natural rights owned by individual subjects. The increasing positivization of legal theory has stimulated the scholarly circles to reflect and criticize the strict distinction between law and morals in legal positivism, which also led to the rebirth of classical natural law theory. Cicero is the great master of the inheritance of ancient Greek legal thought to the Roman Republic. Cicero does, in effect, build a “normative” theory of the virtues and the natural law using only a “descriptive” account of human nature according to the theoretical basis for deriving natural law. It should be used as a response to the modern natural law theorists’ objection that classical natural law cannot derive value norms from facts.