《民法典》隐瞒重大疾病可撤销婚姻条款的实施研究

Research on the Implementation of theRevocable Marriage Clause in the Civil Code for Concealing Major Illnesses

摘要: 《民法典》实行至今已逾四年时间，第1053条规定改变了无效婚姻和可撤销婚姻的具体类型，它在一定程度上保障了公民的婚姻自主权。第1053条作为直接适用于涉重大疾病婚姻的法律规定，在诉讼中起到较为重要的作用，为确保在司法实践过程中的合法有效适用，必须对第1053条所面临的各种现实情况进行解释分析。本文首先对隐瞒重大疾病可撤销婚姻条款的基本涵义进行解释，从一方患有重大疾病、如实告知义务、被隐瞒方撤销权三方面进行论述；其次从司法实践中发现《民法典》第1053条的实施存在“重大疾病”的认定标准不统一、如实告知义务限度不明晰、证明责任分配不合理、婚姻被撤销后过错方损害赔偿范围界定不明等问题。针对上述问题，我们需要从明确重大疾病范围、完善保障当事人知情权的规定和确定过错方赔偿范围角度找到解决路径。

Abstract: Having been in effect for over four years, Article 1053 of the Civil Code has alteredthe specific categories of void and voidable marriages, there by safe guarding citizens’ marriage autonomy to a certain extent. Article 1053, as a legal provision directly applic able to marriages involving major illnesses, plays a relatively important role in litigation. Inorder to ensure its legal and effective application in judicial practice, it is necessary to interpret and analyze the various practical situations faced by Article 1053. This article first explains the basic meaning of the revocable marriage clause for concealing a major illness, and discusses it from three aspects: one party suffering from amajor illness, the obligation to truthfully inform, and the right of the concealed party to revoke; Secondly, it has been found in judicial practice that the implementation of Article 1053 of the Civil Code has problems such as inconsistent criteria for identifying “major illnesses”, unclear limits on the obligation to truth fully disclose, unreasonable allocation of burden of proof, and unclear definition of the scope of compensation for the fault party after the dissolution of the marriage. To address the above issues, we need to find a solution from the perspectives of clarifying the scope of major diseases, improving regulations to protect the right to know of the parties involved, and determining the scope of compensation for the party at fault.