废水氨氮去除的天然吸附材料：研究现状与进展

Natural Adsorbent Materials for Ammonia Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater: Research Status and Progress

摘要: 废水中的氨氮污染物是一种难以治理的污染物，其富营养化不仅会导致水体生态系统的恶化，还对人类健康构成严重威胁。氨氮的高效处理一直是一个难题，固体吸附法是一种很有前途的治理方法，但寻找资源丰富、成本低廉、环境友好、高效的吸附材料仍是一个挑战。开发低成本的氨氮吸附剂对环境和经济的长期可持续性发展至关重要。本文首先对膨润土、天然沸石、其他粘性材料等天然吸附材料及其改性形式对去除氨氮性能的研究进行了较为详细的述评，最后从吸附位点、吸附等温线模型(如Langmuir和Freundlich方程)、动力学模型(如准一级、准二级和粒子内扩散方程)以及吸附热力学等方面讨论了它们的吸附机理。采用合适的表面改性策略对丰富的天然资源进行有效改性将极大增强废水中氨氮的高效去除。最后，展望了天然吸附剂在氨氮去除中的应用前景和研究方向。

Abstract: Ammonia nitrogen in wastewater is a difficult-to-treat pollutant and its eutrophication not only deteriorates aquatic ecosystems but also poses a serious threat to human health. Efficient treatment of ammonia nitrogen has always been a challenging issue. Solid adsorption method is a promising approach, but finding suitable adsorption materials that are resource-abundant, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient remains a challenge. Developing low-cost ammonia nitrogen adsorbents is crucial for the long-term sustainable development of both the environment and economy. A detailed review of research on natural adsorbent materials as well as their modified counterparts for removing ammonia nitrogen was provided, including bentonite, natural zeolite, and other viscous materials. Then, the adsorption mechanisms were discussed from the perspectives of $N{H}_4^{+}$ adsorption sites, adsorption isotherm models (such as Langmuir and Freundlich equations), kinetic models (such as pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion equations), and adsorption thermodynamics. Employing appropriate surface modification strategies on abundant natural resources will greatly enhance the efficient removal of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater. Finally, the prospects and research directions of natural adsorbents in ammonia nitrogen removal were also proposed.