新生儿Noonan综合征2例并文献复习
Neonatal-Onset Noonan Syndrome: Two Cases Reports and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1582420, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 李 霞, 李向红, 姜 红, 李亮亮*:青岛大学附属医院新生儿科,山东 青岛
关键词: Noonan综合征新生儿血小板减少Noonan Syndrome Neonatal Thrombocytopenia
摘要: 目的:探讨合并血小板减少的新生儿Noonan综合征(Noonan syndrome, NS)的临床表型和基因特点。方法:对青岛大学附属医院新生儿科收治的2例新生儿Noonan综合征患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析。并以“新生儿”、“Noonan综合征”、“努南综合征”、“翼状颈综合征”、“假性Turner综合征”、“Turner男性表型”、“男性Turner综合征”为关键词检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中华医学期刊全文数据库;以“nenatal”、“Noonan syndrome”、“Pterygium Colli Syndrome”、“Pseudo-Turner Syndrome”、“Male Turner Syndrome”、“Turner Phenotype in Male”为关键词检索生物医学文献数据库(PubMed)、荷兰医学文摘(Embase);检索时间自建库至2024年12月31日收录的文献,选取其中合并血小板减少的文献,总结合并血小板减少的新生儿Noonan综合征的临床表型和基因特点。结果:本院共收治新生儿Noonan综合征2例,男女各1例,均在生后出现血小板减少。例1全外显子测序分析回报示基因PTPN11杂合变异,外显子13错义突变,C.1507G>A (p.Gly503Arg),随访至70天,发生Noonan综合征相关骨髓增生性疾病/幼年型粒单核细胞白血病,给予水化碱化治疗后失访。例2全外显子测序分析回报示基因RAF1杂合变异,外显子7错义突变,C.770C>T (p.Ser257Leu),随访至35天,因颅内出血后进行性加重的脑积水死亡,为RAF1基因突变首次报道的新生儿Noonan综合征血小板减少合并颅内出血后脑积水的致死病例。检索国内外文献24篇共收集28例患儿,加上本文2例共30例,死亡13例,因血小板减少死亡1例。综合30例新生儿Noonan综合征患儿的临床特点,除存在血小板减少外,主要表现为心脏异常、特殊面容、产前检查异常、呼吸困难、隐睾、淋巴发育不良、神经系统异常等,携带PTPN11基因突变的25例,包括错义突变24例、缺失突变1例,共死亡9例;携带SHOC2基因错义突变的2例,死亡2例;携带RAF1基因错义突变的1例,死亡1例;携带NRAS基因错义突变的1例,死亡1例;其余1例未行基因检测,临床诊断为Noonan综合征。结论:合并血小板减少的新生儿Noonan综合征患儿主要表现为心脏异常、特殊面容、产前检查异常、呼吸困难、隐睾、淋巴发育不良、神经系统异常等,在本研究的小样本异质性队列中,未观察到血小板减少与不良预后存在明确的相关性,初步观察提示携带SHOC2RAF1NRAS基因变异的患儿可能具有较严重的临床表型。
Abstract: Objective: To study the clinical phenotypes and genetic characteristics of neonatal Noonan syndrome (NS) complicated by thrombocytopenia. Methods: Clinical data of two neonates with NS admitted to the Neonatal Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were retrospectively analyzed. Literature databases, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Chinese Medical Journal Full-text Database, PubMed, Embase, were searched using keywords such as “neonatal”, “Noonan syndrome”, “Pterygium Colli Syndrome”, “Pseudo-Turner Syndrome”, “Male Turner Syndrome”, and “Turner Phenotype in Male” (Chinese and English terms) from inception to December 31, 2024. Articles reporting NS neonates with thrombocytopenia were selected to summarize the clinical phenotypes and genetic features. Results: Two neonates with NS (one male, one female) were admitted to our hospital, both presenting with thrombocytopenia after birth. Case 1 had a heterozygous variant in the PTPN11 gene (exon 13 missense mutation, c.1507G>A, p.Gly503Arg). Follow-up at 70 days revealed NS-associated myeloproliferative disorder/juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia; the patient was lost to follow-up after hydration and alkalization therapy. Case 2 had a heterozygous variant in the RAF1 gene (exon 7 missense mutation, c.770C>T, p.Ser257Leu). The patient died at 35 days due to progressive hydrocephalus following intracranial hemorrhage, representing the first reported fatal case of neonatal NS with thrombocytopenia complicated by post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus associated with a RAF1 mutation. Literature review identified 24 articles reporting 28 cases; combined with our 2 cases, a total of 30 neonates were included. Thirteen died, with one death attributed to thrombocytopenia. The main clinical manifestations among the 30 neonates with NS and thrombocytopenia, beyond thrombocytopenia, included cardiac abnormalities, characteristic facial features, prenatal anomalies, respiratory distress, cryptorchidism, lymphatic dysplasia, and neurological abnormalities. Twenty-five cases harbored PTPN11 mutations (24 missense, 1 deletion), with 9 deaths. Two cases had SHOC2 missense mutations, both fatal. One case had a RAF1 missense mutation and died. One case had an NRAS missense mutation and died. One case was clinically diagnosed with NS without genetic testing. Conclusion: In neonates with Noonan syndrome and concomitant thrombocytopenia, the predominant clinical manifestations included cardiac anomalies, characteristic facies, abnormal prenatal findings, respiratory distress, cryptorchidism, lymphatic dysplasia, and neurological abnormalities. Within this small, heterogeneous cohort study, no clear correlation was observed between thrombocytopenia and adverse outcomes. Preliminary observations suggest that infants harboring variants in the SHOC2, RAF1, and NRAS genes may be associated with more severe clinical phenotypes.
文章引用:李霞, 李向红, 姜红, 李亮亮. 新生儿Noonan综合征2例并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(8): 1729-1740. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1582420

1. 引言

Noonan综合征(OMIM #163950),于1968年由Jacqueline Noonan首次报道[1],是RAS通路病发育障碍家族中最常见的一员,活产婴儿的患病率达1/1000~1/2500 [2]-[5],男女比例接近1:1 [6]。Noonan综合征是一种遗传多系统疾病,主要与编码丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路(RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase, RAS-MAPK)蛋白的基因发生功能获得性突变有关,可引起广泛的表型异常,包括特殊面容、喂养困难、发育迟缓、出血素质、先天性心脏病(主要是肺动脉瓣狭窄和肥厚型心肌病)、淋巴发育异常、泌尿生殖系统异常、视力听力异常、骨骼缺陷、可变的神经认知障碍、恶性肿瘤易感性等,严重程度各不相同[4] [7]-[9]。现对青岛大学附属医院新生儿科收治的2例新生儿期起病的Noonan综合征患儿进行病例回顾,并结合文献复习,总结合并血小板减少的新生儿Noonan综合征的临床表型和基因特点,旨在提高临床医生,尤其是新生儿科医生和遗传科医师对该病的认识,以期早期诊断和指导预后。本研究获得青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:QYFY WZLL 29781)。

2. 本组病例资料

1 患儿男,19小时20分钟,因“发现面部出血点、瘀斑19小时20分钟”入院。患儿系G2P2,胎龄39+5周,经阴顺产出生,出生体重2650 g,Apgar评分均为10分。出生时羊水III度污染,脐带绕颈1周。生后出现呻吟、吐沫,面部见出血点、瘀斑,于外院给予清理呼吸道、吸氧后转入。入院查体:新生儿貌,反应可,呼吸稍促,三凹征阴性。面部可见散在出血点、瘀斑。阴茎短小,双侧睾丸已降至阴囊,右侧阴囊较左侧肿大。左手通贯掌,右手正常。辅助检查:外院血常规示白细胞31.14 × 109/L,血红蛋白200 g/L,血小板51 × 109/L,超敏C反应蛋白4.51 mg/L;凝血功能:凝血酶原时间22.30秒,活化部分凝血活酶时间41.7秒,D-二聚体0.26 ug/ml;头颅CT平扫:蛛网膜下腔出血。血常规 + CRP示白细胞计数33.35 × 109/L,血红蛋白193 g/L,血小板计数67 × 109/L,C反应蛋白7.78 mg/L;肌酸激酶同工酶示115.60 U/L。脑脊液常规示白细胞总数30 × 106/L;脑脊液生化:脑脊液蛋白996.5 mg/L,氯117.6 mmol/L;脑脊液需氧培养5日未见细菌生长;复查2次脑脊液,末次脑脊液检查示常规、生化、细菌培养均未见异常。血培养、TORCH、尿巨细胞病毒DNA、血氨、抗核抗体及滴度、ENA抗体谱、血小板抗体、凝血功能均未见明显异常。心脏超声示卵圆孔未闭或小房间隔缺损。颅脑MR平扫及特殊序列示硬膜下出血(双侧枕部,亚急性早期)。脑干听觉诱发电位检查示双耳均通过。诊治经过及随访:入院后先后给予哌拉西林他唑巴坦、美罗培南、维生素K1、凝血酶、丙种球蛋白、果糖二磷酸钠等治疗,其间动态监测患儿血小板水平在(64~99) × 109/L之间,单核细胞比率在17.1%~33.7%之间,皮肤出血点及瘀斑消退、脐残端渗血停止,生后19天复查血小板88 × 109/L,好转出院。生后41天全外显子组测序回报(生后15天采集血样,见图1):基因:PTPN11;染色体位置:chr12:112926887;外显子位置:Exon13;参考转录本:cDNA水平(蛋白水平):NM-002834.5:C.1507G>A (p.Gly503Arg);状态:杂合;变异分类:致病性;父亲:未检测到;母亲:未检测到。(青岛金域医学检验实验室有限公司)。生后64天,再次入住我院,完善血常规:白细胞计数90.91 × 109/L,血红蛋白119.00 g/L,血小板计数100 × 109/L;尿液常规、粪便常规、免疫球蛋白测定未见异常。消化系统超声:脾稍大(厚径2.8 cm;上下径11.7 cm)。骨髓穿刺:骨髓:骨髓增生活跃,G:E = 9.0:1;粒系比例约占27.0%,其中原始粒细胞比例约占4.5%;红系比例约占3.0%;淋巴细胞比例约占60.0%;片中可见约6.0%的幼稚淋巴细胞;全片共找到一个巨核细胞,血小板少见。血片:粒系各期均可见。骨髓流式细胞学检查示髓系原始细胞占9.85%,原幼B淋巴占17.69%,表达未见明显异常。给予水化碱化处理,生后70天出院后失访。

2 患儿女,49分钟,因“窒息复苏后,呼吸急促49分钟”入院。患儿系G3P2,胎龄38+3周,因孕母“胎儿宫内窘迫?、胎盘早剥?、胎儿生长受限、胎儿畸形?”剖宫产出生。出生时有窒息,无胎膜早破,羊水量略偏少、III度污染,无血性羊水,脐带过度扭转,生后立即给予初步复苏及吸氧、正压通气等处理,Apgar评分1分钟5分(心率、肤色、呼吸、反应、肌张力各减1分),5分钟8分(肤色、呼吸各

Figure 1. PTPN11 gene sequencing results of the proband (Case 1) and parents (arrow indicates the variant position): A heterozygous c.1507G>A (p.Gly503Arg) variant was identified in the proband. Neither parent harbored a variant at this locus

1. 病例1患儿及父母PTPN11基因测序图(箭头所示为变异位点):C.1507G>A (p.Gly503Arg)杂合变异,其父亲、母亲该位点无变异

减1分),10分钟9分(呼吸减1分)。出生体重2000 g,因窒息复苏后呼吸困难在面罩吸氧下由外院转入。入院查体:新生儿貌,反应欠佳,哭声低弱,呼吸急促,呻吟样呼吸。特殊面容,眼距稍宽、外眼睑稍下垂、双耳低位后旋。全身散在瘀斑。腹部柔软,肝肋下4 cm,脾脏未触及。身长43 cm < P3,双侧手腕内收,四肢肌张力低,原始反射不能完全引出。辅助检查:血常规 + CRP示白细胞计数7.56 × 109/L,血红蛋白210 g/L,血小板计数25 × 109/L,C反应蛋白 < 0.50 mg/L;凝血功能显示凝血酶原时间18.8秒,活化部分凝血酶原时间46.0秒,纤维蛋白原0.74 g/L,抗凝血酶III 29%;尿便常规、生化、血氨未见异常;血培养、TORCH、尿巨细胞病毒DNA、血小板抗体检测均阴性。骨髓穿刺结果示:骨髓增生活跃;粒比红为1.4:1;粒系比例约占51.5%,中性晚幼粒细胞以上各阶段具体比例偏高,而杆状及分叶核粒细胞比例减低;红系比例约占36.0%,形态未见明显异常;淋巴细胞比例约占5.5%,片中可见约1.5%的幼稚淋巴细胞;在计数细胞内未见明显异常细胞;全片未找到巨核细胞,血小板少见。颅脑超声(第1天):右侧室管膜下囊肿。颅脑超声(第3天):脑实质未见异常。颅脑超声(第8天):右侧枕叶实质内略高回声,考虑出血可能性大。颅脑超声(第9天):双侧脑室内积血、脑室扩张;枕叶脑出血较前增大。心脏超声:左室心肌肥厚、右室心肌肥厚、二尖瓣反流(中度)、三尖瓣反流(轻度)、卵圆孔未闭。消化系统超声:肝内囊性回声,考虑门体静脉分流可能;腹腔积液。母亲免疫相关检查为阴性。诊治经过及随访:患儿入院后给予无创呼吸机辅助呼吸(3天)、箱内低流量吸氧(5天)、先后给予输注血小板4次、冷沉淀3次,丙种球蛋白2次,应用维生素K1、酚磺乙胺等对症支持治疗,输注血小板后血小板有一过性升高,但很快下降,波动在(5~23) × 109/L。生后第9天,血小板5 × 109/L,颅脑超声示双侧脑室内积血、脑室扩张、枕叶脑出血较前增大,自动出院。生后30天全外显子组测序回报(入院5天采集血样,见图2):基因:RAF1;染色体位置:chr3:12645699;外显子位置:Exon7;参考转录本:cDNA水平(蛋白水平):NM-002880.4:C.770C>T (p.Ser257Leu);状态:杂合;变异分类:致病性;父亲:未检测到;母亲:未检测到。随访:生后1月,复查血小板240 × 109/L,血红蛋白60 g/L,脑积水进行性加重,于生后35天死亡。

Figure 2. RAF1 gene sequencing chromatograms of the proband (Case 2) and parents (Arrow indicates the variant position): c.770C>T (p.Ser257Leu) heterozygous variant identified in the proband. Neither parent harbored a variant at this locus

2. 病例2患儿及父母RAF1基因测序图(箭头所示为变异位点):C.770C>T (p.Ser257Leu)杂合变异,其父亲、母亲该位点无变异

3. 文献复习

以“新生儿”、“Noonan综合征”、“努南综合征”、“翼状颈综合征”、“假性Turner综合征”、“Turner男性表型”、“男性Turner综合征”为关键词检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中华医学期刊全文数据库;以“nenatal”、“Noonan syndrome”、“Pterygium Colli Syndrome”、“Pseudo-Turner Syndrome”、“Male Turner Syndrome”、“Turner Phenotype in Male”为关键词检索生物医学文献数据库(PubMed)、荷兰医学文摘(Embase);检索时间自建库至2024年12月31日收录的文献,选取其中合并血小板减少的文献,共检索到相关文献24篇[10]-[33],共28例合并血小板减少的新生儿Noonan综合征患儿,加上本文报道2例,共30例,其中合并胎母同种免疫性血小板减少3例、Noonan综合征相关无巨核细胞性血小板减少症8例、Noonan综合征相关骨髓增生性疾病/幼年型粒单细胞白血病9例。心脏异常23例,表现为肺动脉/肺动脉瓣狭窄、肥厚性心肌病、主动脉瓣发育不良、右心室双出口、房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭等;特殊面容20例,表现为前额高、低位后旋耳、眼距宽、上睑下垂、睑裂下斜、鼻梁低平、短鼻、短颈、蹼颈等;产前检查异常17例,表现为颈项透明层增厚、囊性水瘤、羊水过多、胎儿水肿、胸腔积液、腹腔积液、先天性心脏病、侧脑室扩大、胎儿宫内发育迟缓、胎儿宫内窘迫、肢体短等;呼吸困难15例,部分表现为需呼吸机辅助呼吸;隐睾11例;淋巴发育异常10例,表现为水肿、胸腔积液、腹腔积液、乳糜胸、乳糜腹;神经系统异常8例,表现为颅内出血、脑水肿、脑梗死、脑室周围白质软化、脑沟脑回发育异常;听力异常5例;肝肿大5例;脾肿大4例;肾脏异常4例;阴茎短小4例;骨骼异常4例;喂养困难4例;胸廓异常3例。30例病例中携带PTPN11基因突变25例,其中错义突变的24例、缺失突变的1例,共死亡9例,因血小板减少死亡1例;携带SHOC2基因错义突变的2例,死亡2例;携带RAF1基因错义突变的1例,因颅内出血后脑积水死亡1例;携带NRAS基因错义突变的1例,死亡1例;其余1例未行基因检测,临床诊断为Noonan综合征(见图3表1)。

Figure 3. Major clinical phenotypes of neonates with Noonan syndrome and concomitant thrombocytopenia

3. 合并血小板减少的新生儿Noonan综合征患儿的主要临床表型

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of neonates with Noonan syndrome and concomitant thrombocytopenia

1. 合并血小板减少的新生儿Noonan综合征患儿临床资料

病例 编号

参考 文献

突变 类型

基因

核苷酸

氨基酸

家系 验证

临床结局

死亡原因

1

例1

错义突变

PTPN11

c.1507G>A

p.Gly503Arg

新发

存活(随访至70天)

存活

2

例2

错义突变

RAF1

c.770C>T

p.Ser257Leu

新发

死亡(35天)

血小板减少所致颅内出血、脑积水

3

10

错义突变

PTPN11

c.854T>C

p.Phe285Ser

新发

不详

不详

4

11

错义突变

PTPN11

c.922A>G

p.Asn308Asp

新发

死亡(放弃)

乳糜胸

5

12

错义突变

PTPN11

不详

不详

不详

存活(NICU > 310天)

存活

6

12

错义突变

PTPN11

不详

不详

不详

存活(NICU7个月)

存活

7

13

错义突变

PTPN11

c.124A>G

p.Thr42Ala

不详

死亡(放弃,4个月)

难治性乳糜胸

8

14

错义突变

PTPN11

c.802G>T

p.Gly268Cys

不详

存活(随访至3个月)

存活

9

15

错义突变

PTPN11

c.184T>G

p.Tyr62Asp

新发

死亡(放弃,2天)

DIC、呼吸衰竭、少尿等多器官系统并发症

10

16

错义突变

PTPN11

c.218C>T

p.Thr73Ile

新发

存活(NICU264天)

存活

11

17

错义突变

PTPN11

c.1517A>C

p.Gln506Pro

不详

存活(随访至6个月)

存活

12

18

错义突变

PTPN11

c.218C>T

p.Thr73Ile

新发

不详

不详

13

18、19

错义突变

PTPN11

c.1528C>G

p.Gln510Glu

未做

存活

存活

14

18

错义突变

PTPN11

c.182A>G

p.Asp61Gly

新发

不详

不详

15

18、19

错义突变

PTPN11

c.182A>G

p.Asp61Gly

未做

存活

存活

16

18

错义突变

PTPN11

c.251C>T

p.Ala72Val

新发

不详

不详

17

20

错义突变

PTPN11

c.124A>G

p.Thr42Ala

不详

死亡(69天)

怀疑致命性心律失常

18

21

错义突变

PTPN11

c.218C>T

p.Thr73Ile

新发

死亡

血小板减少、 脓毒症休克

19

22

错义突变

PTPN11

c.182A>G

p.Asp61Gly

新发

存活(随访至9个月)

存活

20

23

错义突变

PTPN11

c.794G>A

p.Arg265Gln

不详

死亡(133天)

呼吸衰竭

21

24

错义突变

NRAS

c.34G>A

p.Gly12Ser

未做

死亡(1天)

非免疫性水肿继发 肺发育不良所致的PPHN

22

25

错义突变

PTPN11

c.181G>A

p.Asp61Asn

不详

存活 (随访至19个月)

存活

23

26

错义突变

PTPN11

c.218C>T

p.Thr73Ile

未做

死亡

乳糜胸、营养不良、全身水肿、心力衰竭

24

27

错义突变

SHOC2

c.4A>G

p.Ser2Gly

不详

死亡(50小时)

难治性低血压、 酸中毒、急性肾 衰竭、低氧血症、 心血管衰竭

25

28

错义突变

PTPN11

c.218C>T

p.Thr73Ile

新发

存活 (随访至14个月)

存活

26

29

错义突变

PTPN11

c.218C>T

p.Thr73Ile

不详

存活 (随访至12个月)

存活

27

30

错义突变

SHOC2

c.4A>G

p.Ser2Gly

不详

死亡(4个月)

充血性心力衰竭

28

21

错义突变

PTPN11

c.218C>T

p.Thr73Ile

不详

死亡(70天)

呼吸衰竭(JMML所致)

29

32

缺失突变

PTPN11

c.179_181delGTG

p.Gly60del

新发

死亡(243天)

心肺衰竭

30

33

不详

不详

不详

不详

不详

存活 (随访至18个月)

存活

注:DIC为弥散性血管内凝血,PPHN为持续性肺动脉高压,JMML为幼年型粒单核细胞白血病,NEC为坏死性小肠结肠炎。

4. 讨论

Noonan综合征是一种相对常见的遗传病,可能在患者一生中影响身体的多个器官系统[4] [8]。目前为止,已发现引起Noonan综合征的基因有PTPN11、SOS1RAF1/CRAFKRASNRASSHOC2、CBLRRASRIT1、RASA2、SOS2、MAP3K8、SPRY1、MYST4/KAT6BLZTR1、A2ML1、PPP1CBMRASRALARRAS2、ERK2/MAPK1 [5] [8] [9] [34]。变异影响常见的基因是PTPN11 (50%)、SOS1 (10%)、RAF1 (5%~10%) 。大约80%的患者可能携带上述基因突变,10%~20%临床诊断为Noonan综合征的患者在上述相关基因中未发现致病性突变[35]。LZTR1基因导致的Noonan综合征可能为常染色体隐性遗传,其他均为常染色体显性遗传[36] [37]

Noonan综合征中经常可见产前检查异常,如颈项透明层增厚、囊性水瘤、羊水过多、胎儿水肿、胸腔积液、腹腔积液、肾积水、肾盂分离、先天性心脏缺陷、中枢神经系统异常、胎儿宫内发育迟缓、肢体短、胎儿宫内窘迫等。本院第2例病例产前特征包括胎儿宫内窘迫、胎儿生长受限、可疑胎儿畸形,文献检索28例病例中有16例合并产前检查异常。Eccles等、Hakami等、Tano等、耿茜等、侯磊等、梁成鸿等提出存在上述产前检查异常时,应考虑Noonan综合征的可能性,建议进行产前胎儿核型+染色体拷贝数变异分析 + 全外显子组测序检测,家系增强全外显子检查可提高阳性率[38]-[45]

新生儿期是诊断Noonan综合征的关键时期,无家族史且非典型表型可能无法轻易识别。因此,新生儿科医师应该注意关注有无产检异常病史,有无特殊面容,其他特征包括先天性心脏病(尤其是肺动脉/肺动脉瓣狭窄、肥厚性心肌病)、呼吸困难、喂养困难、生长发育迟缓、血小板减低、白细胞增多、单核细胞增多,男孩隐睾等。本文的2例病例及文献检索的28例病例均存在上述症状的不同组合。康芷若、程国强等提出,当存在上述临床特点时,应考虑进行Noonan综合征相关的基因测序[18]。针对非免疫性胎儿水肿,Schönfeld等提出了水肿基因面板的应用[16]

有研究显示,Noonan综合征患者血液学检查异常的患病率为50%~89% [46]。人体的出凝血平衡依赖于凝血因子、血小板、血管的共同作用。约1/3出现凝血功能异常,包括活化部分凝血活酶时间延长(40%)和内在途径异常(50%),后者最常见的原因是凝血因子XI缺乏,其他包括因子VIII和XII活性降低、血管性血友病因子缺乏、血小板减少、血小板功能缺陷、单核细胞增多症和骨髓增生性疾病,罕见的如凝血因子XIII缺乏,但最常见的出血原因尚不清楚[47]-[49]。新生儿血小板减少症的原因包括感染、缺氧、免疫介导、器官功能障碍、遗传性和其他原因等。Nunes等提出Noonan综合征患者发生血小板减少症的机制尚不完全清楚,它可能归因于无效产生(骨髓中巨核细胞减少或缺失)所致,也可能是由于血小板在肿大和/或骨髓增生异常的脾脏中隔离所致,也可能是幼年型粒单核细胞白血病的早期临床特征[29]。与PTPN11基因相关的血小板减少症所涉及的机制可能包括编码SHP-2结构域结构,其中包含两种非跨膜蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP) Shp1和Shp2。Shp1在造血细胞和上皮细胞中表达,Shp2表达范围广泛。Shp1和Shp2在巨核细胞的发育、血小板生成和功能成熟中起重要作用[50],包括调节来自各种酪氨酸激酶连接受体的信号转导,PTPN11基因突变可能导致Shp1和(或) Shp2失活进而引起血小板减少。有文献提出,RAF1基因在血管基质生成[51]和血管免疫保护[52]中发挥重要作用,RAF1基因突变可能导致脑血管畸形进而导致脑出血。综合30例新生儿Noonan综合征患儿,其中合并胎母同种免疫性血小板减少3例、Noonan综合征相关无巨核细胞性血小板减少症8例(包括本文病例1、病例2)、Noonan综合征相关骨髓增生性疾病/幼年型粒单细胞白血病9例(包括本文病例1)。对Noonan综合征相关骨髓增生性疾病和幼年型粒单核细胞白血病,Hoshino等提出,虽然Noonan综合征相关骨髓增生性疾病通常预后较好,但对于早产儿和有严重并发症的患者,可能需要考虑积极的治疗,如化疗[53]。本文病例1血小板减少原因主要与巨核细胞减少、Noonan综合征相关骨髓增生性疾病/幼年型粒单细胞白血病相关;病例2血小板减少考虑与巨核细胞减少相关,是否存在其他致病机制尚不清楚。30例血小板减少新生儿患儿中,2例患儿未给予输血小板、人丙种球蛋白、糖皮质激素,自行恢复正常;14例患儿出现难治性血小板减少,给予输血小板、人丙种球蛋白、糖皮质激素、艾曲波帕均无效,其中6例患儿随时间推移血小板数持续增高(包括本文病例2);1例患儿因血小板减少死亡,存在PTPN11基因突变。1例因颅内出血后脑积水死亡(本文病例2),为RAF1基因突变首次报道的新生儿难治性血小板减少合并颅内出血后脑积水致死病例,扩展了其临床表型。Bahr等提出输注与患儿ABO血型相同的血小板后血小板平均值增加更高[12]。Thompson等报告了1例RAF1基因C.770C>T变异引起的大脑导水管狭窄后进行性脑积水病例[54],Cizmeci等报告了RAS通路病包括Noonan综合征患儿颅脑磁共振显示在皮质灰质、白质、胼胝体、小脑、后颅窝存在特征性获得性和结构性异常,包括小脑外周出血、蚓部发育不全、陡峭的小脑幕形态、脑白质病变发生率增高、脑外间隙增宽、皮质皱褶简化以及累及胼胝体压部的结构异常[55]。Gazzin等提出RAF1基因C.770C>T变异与特别严重的心脏表型相关,其特征是快速进展的新生儿肥厚性心肌病和肺动脉高压,8%患儿在出生后第1年内死亡[56]。本文病例2存在RAF1基因C.770C>T变异,未完善颅脑磁共振检查,不能明确进行性脑积水的加重与是否存在获得性或结构性异常有关;同时合并肥厚性心肌病,因放弃治疗未动态复查心脏超声,推断其早期死亡也可能与此相关。其余11例死亡病例原因为心肺衰竭、肾衰竭、难治性低血压、难治性酸中毒、持续性肺动脉高压、难治性乳糜胸、幼年型粒单核细胞白血病、经济原因等。综合30例病例,携带PTPN11基因错义突变的24例、缺失突变的1例,死亡9例,因血小板减少死亡1例;携带SHOC2基因错义突变的2例,死亡2例;携带RAF1基因错义突变的1例,死亡1例,因颅内出血后进行性加重的脑积水死亡1例;NRAS基因错义突变的1例,死亡1例,因此在本研究的小样本异质性队列中,未观察到血小板减少与不良预后存在明确的相关性,此结论还有待更大规模研究的验证,初步观察提示携带SHOC2RAF1NRAS基因变异的患儿可能具有较严重的临床表型。

综合30例新生儿Noonan综合征病例,有随访记录的存活者13例,因其表现的多系统病变,总体生存质量不佳,因此早期识别至关重要,一旦确诊Noonan综合征,需要对患儿进行系统综合评估及多学科管理,包括遗传学、儿童保健科、神经病学、心血管科、眼科、耳鼻喉科和血液科等的长期、定期、详细的随访,还包括喂养支持、精神运动发展支持、社会经济的援助,以使儿童得到最好的发展[4] [8] [9]

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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