印证模式之缺陷及推定证明方式之弥补

The Defects of the Corroboration Model and the Remedial Role of the Presumption-Based Proof Method

摘要: 印证模式强调不同证据间相互验证、支持，形成稳定证据体系。在刑事案件中，证人证言、物证、书证等多种证据相互印证，能更准确还原案件事实。它直观呈现证据间逻辑联系，便于司法人员理解和运用。长期司法实践中，印证模式已成为司法人员认定事实的主要方式，符合人们对证据审查判断的一般认知。但纯粹的印证模式在司法实践中也容易造成证据收集与审查的片面性、强调证据数量而忽略证据本身可信性审查、侦查人员为凑成完整证据链而刑讯逼供等实践误区。推定是标志基础事实与假定事实之间法律关系的证据法范畴，通过证明基础事实成立，依据逻辑法则、法律规定、生活经验等认定推定事实存在的制度。推定是一种特殊的司法证明方法，尤其在缺乏直接证据时发挥作用。在印证模式中加入推定方式，可以合理分配证明责任、解决证明困境、提高司法效率。研究印证与推定的关系将丰富司法证明理论，完善刑事证明体系，保障司法公正。

Abstract: The corroboration model emphasizes the mutual verification and support among different pieces of evidence to form a stable evidentiary system. In criminal cases, the mutual corroboration of various types of evidence, such as witness testimonies, physical evidence, and documentary evidence, enables a more accurate reconstruction of case facts. It intuitively presents the logical connections between evidence, facilitating judicial personnel’s understanding and application. Through long-term judicial practice, the corroboration model has become the primary means for judicial personnel to ascertain facts, which conforms to people’s general cognition of evidence examination and judgment. However, a purely corroborative model in judicial practice is prone to practical drawbacks, such as one-sidedness in evidence collection and examination, overemphasis on the quantity of evidence while neglecting the review of the credibility of the evidence itself, and even investigators resorting to torture to extract confessions to piece together a complete chain of evidence. Presumption is a category in evidence law that signifies the legal relationship between foundational facts and presumed facts. It is a system that, by proving the establishment of foundational facts, ascertains the existence of presumed facts in accordance with logical rules, legal provisions, and life experiences. Presumption is a special method of judicial proof, particularly functioning when direct evidence is lacking. Incorporating the method of presumption into the corroboration model can reasonably allocate the burden of proof, resolve proof dilemmas, and enhance judicial efficiency. Studying the relationship between corroboration and presumption will enrich the theory of judicial proof, improve the criminal proof system, and ensure judicial justice.