股东失权制度研究

A Study on the Shareholder Disqualification System

摘要: 股东失权制度是《中华人民共和国公司法》第五十二条专门规定的、停止出资不实的股东行使股东权利的制度。以确保或者维护公司资本充实或公司资本真实性为目的，公司法以公司的失权通知权的创设为基础，以公司不能清偿到期债务为条件，以失权通知权的行使为中心，以股东对库存股的持有权、处分权及其他财产性股东权益的丧失为内容，并辅之于失权股东的异议之诉救济，构造了具有中国本土化特色的股东失权制度。股东失权制度和股东除名制度是两种不同的制度，虽有竞合之处，但在适用上相对独立且互补，才能形成规制合力。股东失权制度的进一步完善，不仅需要通过司法解释扩张适用条件范围、完善失权流程设置以及明确失权后相应股权的处理程序内容，还需要对失权股东的法律责任予以体系化，明确失权股东以及相关利益主体的法律责任内容及责任方式，摒弃股东失权后其瑕疵出资责任当然豁免的错误观念。

Abstract: The shareholder disqualification system is a system specified in Article 52 of the Company Law, which suspends the exercise of shareholder rights by shareholders who fail to make full capital contributions. With the aim of ensuring or maintaining the adequacy or authenticity of the company’s capital, the Company Law has constructed a shareholder disqualification system with Chinese localization characteristics. This system is based on the creation of the company’s right to issue a disqualification notice, conditional on the company’s inability to repay due debts, centered on the exercise of the right to issue a disqualification notice, and contented with the loss of the shareholder’s right to hold and dispose of treasury shares as well as other property-related shareholder rights. It is supplemented by the remedy of an objection lawsuit by the disqualified shareholder. The shareholder disqualification system and the shareholder expulsion system are two different systems. Although they overlap in some aspects, they can form a regulatory synergy only if they are relatively independent and complementary in application. To further improve the shareholder disqualification system, it is necessary not only to expand the scope of applicable conditions through judicial interpretations, improve the setting of the disqualification process, and clarify the procedures for handling the corresponding equity after disqualification, but also to systematize the legal liabilities of disqualified shareholders, clarify the content and methods of legal liabilities of disqualified shareholders and related interest subjects, and abandon the wrong idea that the liability for defective capital contribution of shareholders is naturally exempted after disqualification.