财产保全申请错误损害赔偿的司法认定

Judicial Determination of Compensation for Damages Caused by Erroneous Property Preservation Applications

摘要: 财产保全申请错误损害赔偿的司法认定问题，核心在于如何界定“申请有错误”。针对我国《民事诉讼法》第108条的“申请有错误”，司法解释未明确其具体标准，导致司法实践中裁判尺度不一。理论界对归责原则存在四种争议，其中，过错责任原则更符合现行法律体系，有助于平衡保全制度的功能发挥，避免因责任过重抑制保全申请的积极性。此外，过错标准是否包括一般过失存在分歧，实务中多限于故意或重大过失，但结合诉责险的普及和形式审查的现状，将一般过失纳入过错范围更利于规范保全行为，防止权利滥用。当前司法实践因标准模糊导致被申请人胜诉率低，未来应明确过错责任原则的适用，细化过错认定标准，以兼顾保全制度的保障功能与公平价值。

Abstract: The core issue of judicial determination of compensation for damages arising from erroneous property preservation applications lies in how to define “application error”. In response to “application error” under Article 108 of China’s Civil Procedure Law, judicial interpretations have not clarified specific criteria, leading to inconsistent judgment standards in judicial practice. There are four controversies in the theoretical circle regarding the principle of imputation, among which the principle of fault liability is more in line with the current legal system, helping to balance the function of the preservation system and avoid suppressing the enthusiasm for preservation applications due to excessive liability. Furthermore, there is disagreement on whether the fault standard includes general negligence, with practice mostly limited to intentional or gross negligence. However, considering the popularity of litigation liability insurance and the current situation of formal examination, incorporating general negligence into the scope of fault is more conducive to regulating preservation behavior and preventing abuse of rights. Currently, due to vague standards in judicial practice, the respondent’s success rate is low. In the future, it is necessary to clarify the application of the principle of fault liability, refine the standards for fault determination, and balance the safeguarding function and fairness value of the preservation system.