异化的镜像：从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到卡夫卡的《变形记》

The Mirror of Alienation: From the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 to Kafka’s Metamorphoses

摘要: “异化”作为马克思主义哲学的核心概念，深刻反映了其思想体系在批判资本主义过程中不断深化的内在逻辑。马克思通过剖析资本主义社会中的劳动关系，提出了劳动异化的四重维度，并将异化现象与资本主义生产方式的本质特征相联系，为探讨现代性问题提供了全新的理论视角。同时，卡夫卡在小说《变形记》中以文学形式对异化问题进行了艺术化呈现。通过塑造主人公格雷戈尔荒诞变形的故事情节，卡夫卡揭示了资本主义社会中个体在劳动过程和人际关系中的异化现象，并深刻描绘了现代人面临的精神孤独与生存困境。这一跨学科的异化讨论不仅揭示了资本主义社会的内在弊端，也为理解现代人类处境提供了重要的思想资源。

Abstract: As a core concept of Marxist philosophy, “alienation” deeply reflects the deepening internal logic of its ideological system in the process of criticizing capitalism. Marx proposed four dimensions of labor alienation by analyzing labor relations in capitalist society, and linked the phenomenon of alienation with the essential characteristics of the capitalist mode of production, providing a new theoretical perspective for exploring modernity issues. At the same time, Kafka artistically presented the issue of alienation in literary form in his novel “Metamorphoses”. By depicting the absurd transformation of the protagonist Gregor, Kafka reveals the phenomenon of individual alienation in the labor process and interpersonal relationships in capitalist society, and profoundly depicts the spiritual loneliness and survival dilemma faced by modern people. This interdisciplinary discussion on alienation not only reveals the inherent drawbacks of capitalist society, but also provides important intellectual resources for understanding the modern human situation.