数字空间理论下大数据证据审查的制度构建

Institutional Construction of Big Data Evidence Review under Digital Space Theory

摘要: 大数据证据在司法实践中面临数据基础可靠性存疑、算法黑箱等阻碍实质审查、分析结论与案件要素关联性认定困难等审查困境。“数字空间理论”将大数据证据解构为四个相互依赖的层级。构建适配的审查制度需要在程序层面，强化技术辅助体系、推动有限算法透明度规则、探索区块链存证技术应用，提升法庭审查能力；在实体规则层面，设定证明责任转移规则，将算法披露程度作为评价证据证明力的核心因素，促使大数据证据提出主体履行说明义务。

Abstract: Big data evidence faces challenges in judicial practice, including doubts about the reliability of the data foundation, algorithmic black boxes that hinder substantive review, and difficulties in determining the relevance of analytical conclusions to case elements. The “digital space theory” deconstructs big data evidence into four interdependent layers. To establish an appropriate review system, it is necessary to strengthen technical support systems, promote limited algorithm transparency rules, and explore the application of blockchain evidence storage technology at the procedural level to enhance court review capabilities. At the substantive rule level, rules for shifting the burden of proof should be established, with the degree of algorithm disclosure serving as a core factor in evaluating the probative value of evidence, thereby compelling the parties presenting big data evidence to fulfil their duty to explain.