从自律到否定：论彼得·比格尔《先锋派理论》中先锋艺术“作品”概念的危机与出路

From Autonomy to Negation: On the Crisis and Prospects of the Concept of “Artwork” in Avant-Garde Art in Peter Bürger’s “Theory of the Avant-Garde”

摘要: 本文以彼得·比格尔的《先锋派理论》为框架，考察历史先锋派对传统“作品”概念的批判与重构。研究指出，“艺术自律”是资产阶级艺术体制的产物，导致艺术与生活实践的分离，而先锋派试图通过攻击体制本身来克服这一分离。尽管先锋派未能废除艺术体制，却暴露了其历史性，并催化了艺术形式的辩证转变：传统上追求内在统一的“有机作品”被解构，一种基于本雅明“讽喻”理论的“非有机作品”逐渐形成。该类作品以蒙太奇为方法，借助碎片化、偶然性的“星丛”结构，打破象征性整体，激活局部介入现实的批判潜能。然而，本文也审慎指出，“非有机作品”作为理论出路仍内含深刻悖论：它既延续了先锋派的批判精神，也始终面临被艺术体制重新收编为“有机化”审美对象的危险。因此，先锋派的真正遗产并非提供某种稳固的新范式，而是开启了一种介于批判与体制化之间的、持续自我质疑的美学张力。

Abstract: This paper, based on Peter Bürger’s “Theory of the Avant-Garde”, delves into the historical reconstruction of the traditional concept of “artwork” in avant-garde art. The study reveals that artistic autonomy is fundamentally a product of the institutionalization of bourgeois society; the avant-garde seeks to eliminate the disconnect between art and everyday life by challenging the core dimensions of the art system. Although the goal of abolishing the art system has not been achieved, its actions have profoundly exposed the historical nature of the art system and spurred a dialectical renewal of the “work” category: the traditional pursuit of an internally unified “organic work” has been deconstructed, giving rise to a new type of work rooted in Benjamin’s theory of irony and emphasizing non-organicity. Such works adopt montage as their practical approach, breaking down symbolic organic wholes through the “star cluster-like” association of fragmented and accidental elements, thereby endowing parts with the political potential to directly intervene in reality. However, this paper also cautions that “non-organic works” as a theoretical solution remain deeply paradoxical: while they perpetuate the avant-garde’s critical spirit, they perpetually face the risk of being reabsorbed by the art establishment as “organic” aesthetic objects. Thus, the true legacy of the avant-garde lies not in offering a stable new paradigm, but in initiating an enduring aesthetic tension—one that oscillates between critique and institutionalization, perpetually questioning itself.