共通感时间性问题研究

Research on the Temporality of Common Sense

摘要: 共通感是康德美学的核心概念。康德在《判断力批判》中把共通感定义为“不确定的概念”，意指共通感意义的流动性，但同时共通感又必须是鉴赏判断的普遍性前提，那么一种普遍性和不确定性如何能够兼容，就成了康德美学亟待解决的问题。康德本人其实为共通感的相关问题提供了许多有益的启发，其中最重要的一点即属时间性，共通感的时间性问题实际上已经超出了知识论的范畴，而转入到生存论的境域当中。从表面上看，由于共通感的时间性前提使得共通感无法作为一个现成的概念被明晰的定义下来，初看上去这似乎标志着问题探讨的失败，然而，因为共通感在其生成过程当中又必须归属于一种相对稳定的时间结构，所以共通感反而在这种时间意识的澄清下获得了其来源的明晰性。我们无法预先地规定何为共通感，但是共通感的来源却在时间性的问题上得到了澄明。

Abstract: The common sense is the core concept of Kant’s aesthetics. In the “Critique of Judgment”, Kant defined the common sense as an “indeterminate concept”, which indicates the fluidity of the meaning of the common sense. However, at the same time, the common sense must be the universal premise of the judgment of taste. Then, how can universality and indeterminacy be compatible becomes an urgent problem to be solved in Kant’s aesthetics. In fact, Kant himself provided many useful inspirations for the related issues of the common sense, among which the most important one is temporality. The issue of the temporality of the common sense actually goes beyond the scope of epistemology and enters the realm of existentialism. On the surface, due to the temporal premise of the common sense, it cannot be clearly defined as a ready-made concept. At first glance, this seems to indicate the failure of the problem discussion. However, because the common sense must belong to a relatively stable temporal structure in its generation process, the common sense, on the contrary, gains the clarity of its origin under the clarification of this temporal consciousness. We cannot predefine what the common sense is, but the origin of the common sense is clarified in the issue of temporality.