努斯中的“非理性”与“理性”——以尼采“酒神精神”和“日神精神”为切入角度

The “Non-Rationality” and “Rationality” in Nous—From the Perspective of Nietzsche’s Spirit of “Dionysus” and “Apollonian”

摘要: 古希腊哲学家阿那克萨戈拉最早将“努斯”作为哲学概念使用，其字面意思是“心”，“心灵”，是一种能动的、超越的纯粹精神。现代西方非理性主义哲学家尼采将意志和理性分别比作酒神和日神精神，在尼采的酒神与日神精神的视角下看，努斯既蕴含着酒神精神所代表的原始生命力、自由意志和无尽创造力，超越有限事物，推动逻各斯向前和向上运动，又拥有日神精神的秩序、理性和智慧，使万物在合理的规则下有序运行，趋向于善的目标。同时，努斯的“冲动”通过一种理性化的形式实现出来，就像“酒神精神”通过“日神精神”释放出来一样得到升华，使其得以作为一种“动力理性”涌动地向前发展。通过尼采这一关于酒神与日神的新视角来看待努斯中非理性因素与理性因素二者间“自由的游戏”可以更好地体会努斯的内涵，更深入地理解理性与非理性这一哲学上的重要对子。

Abstract: The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras was the first to use “nous” as a philosophical concept, which literally means “heart” or “mind”. It is an active and transcendent pure spirit. The modern Western non-rationalist philosopher Nietzsche compared will and reason to Dionysus and Apollonian, respectively. Through this lens, Nous embodies both: the Dionysian primal vitality, free will, and boundless creativity that propel logos beyond limits; and the Apollonian order, rationality, and wisdom guiding all things toward the good under rational principles. Furthermore, Nous’ irrational “impulse” achieves realization and sublimation through rational form—akin to Dionysus expressed through Apollo—making Nous a surging “dynamic rationality”. Through Nietzsche’s perspective on Dionysus and Apollonian, we can better understand the concept of “free interplay” between irrational and rational factors in Nous, and gain a deeper understanding of the important philosophical pair of reason and non-rationality.