颊针及颊针联合昂丹司琼在女性患者全麻腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用效果
The Efficacy of Cheek Acupuncture and Its Combination with Ondansetron in Female Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with General Anesthesia
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1592502, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 韦思思*, 牛 莉, 邱建磊#:山东大学齐鲁医院德州医院麻醉科,山东 德州;朱 帅:山东大学齐鲁医院德州医院肝胆胰脾外科,山东 德州;苏 萌:山东大学齐鲁医院德州医院中医科,山东 德州
关键词: 颊针腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后中重度疼痛昂丹司琼术后恶心呕吐视觉模拟评分Cheek Acupuncture Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Moderate-to-Severe Postoperative Pain Ondansetron Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
摘要: 目的:评价颊针及颊针联合昂丹司琼在女性患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的使用效果。方法:将腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的女性患者98例随机分为昂丹司琼组(A组)、颊针组(B组)和颊针联合昂丹司琼组(C组),观察术后24小时中重度疼痛发生率、术后恶心呕吐发生率、视觉模拟评分(VAS)、麻醉药物用量、术后补救镇痛和止吐药物使用情况、围手术期不良事件发生率、首次排气时间和术后出院时间。结果:术后0~24小时中重度疼痛发生率分别为A组40.6%、B组11.8%、C组12.5%,B组、C组与A组相比差异有统计学意义(P = 0.007, P = 0.011)。三组术后6~12小时的VAS评分差异有统计学意义(P = 0.000)。术后补救性镇痛药物使用率,A组、B组、C组分别为28.1%,2.9%,9.4%,B组与A组存在统计学差异(P = 0.005)。A组、B组、C组术后0~24小时PONV发生率分别为34.4%、14.7%和31.3%,组间无统计学差异(P = 0.148)。结论:颊针或颊针联合昂丹司琼均可有效降低女性患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后中重度疼痛的发生率,颊针而非颊针联合昂丹司琼具有更低的术后补救镇痛药物使用率;颊针联合昂丹司琼在降低PONV发生率方面并不优于颊针。
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of cheek acupuncture and cheek acupuncture combined with ondansetron in female patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: 98 female patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into the ondansetron group (Group A), cheek acupuncture group (Group B), and cheek acupuncture combined with ondansetron group (Group C). The incidence of moderate-to-severe pain within 24 hours postoperatively, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, anesthetic dosage, postoperative remedial analgesic and antiemetic drug usage, the incidence of perioperative adverse events, time to first flatus, and postoperative discharge time were observed. Results: The incidence of moderate-to-severe pain within 0~24 hours postoperatively was 40.6% in Group A, 11.8% in Group B, and 12.5% in Group C;Both Group B and Group C showed statistically significant differences compared with Group A (P = 0.007, P = 0.011, respectively). VAS scores differed significantly among the three groups at 6~12 hours postoperatively (P = 0.000). The usage rates of postoperative rescue analgesics were 28.1%, 2.9%, and 9.4% in Groups A, B, and C, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between Group B and Group A (P = 0.005). The incidence of PONV within 0~24 hours postoperatively was 34.4%, 14.7%, and 31.3% in Groups A, B, and C, with no statistical difference among groups (P = 0.148). Conclusion: Cheek acupuncture alone or combined with ondansetron effectively reduces the incidence of moderate-to-severe postoperative pain in female patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cheek acupuncture alone but not the combination therapy has a lower rate of postoperative rescue analgesic usage compared with ondansetron. Cheek acupuncture combined with ondansetron is not superior to cheek acupuncture alone in reducing the incidence of PONV.
文章引用:韦思思, 朱帅, 苏萌, 牛莉, 邱建磊. 颊针及颊针联合昂丹司琼在女性患者全麻腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用效果[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(9): 385-393. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1592502

1. 引言

腹腔镜胆囊切除术因其创伤小、术后恢复快,已成为胆囊切除术的金标准[1]。然而,36.5%的腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者会经历术后疼痛,并且高达40%的患者发生慢性术后疼痛[2]。此外,45%~75%的患者还可能出现术后恶心呕吐(PONV) [3]。术后疼痛和术后恶心呕吐影响了患者的康复,给围手术期管理提出了更高要求[4]

颊针作为一种微针系统基于全息理论、三焦理论和心身理论,由王永州教授发明。颊针理论认为面颊部包含人体的全息系统,特定的面颊穴位分别对应躯干、三焦、头身和四肢[5]。颊针对慢性疼痛、内脏疾病以及身心疾病有很好的诊疗效果[6]-[8]。研究认为颊针可降低围手术期疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和术后疼痛补救率,但尚无关于颊针对中重度术后疼痛影响的研究[8]-[11]

调节5-羟色胺(5-HT)和β-内啡肽等神经递质是颊针发挥疗效的机制之一[12] [13]。昂丹司琼作为5-HT3受体拮抗剂是预防PONV的常用止吐药[14]。然而,尚无研究评估颊针联合昂丹司琼对腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者术后镇痛和PONV的影响。本研究旨在通过观察患者术后24小时内中重度疼痛发生率、PONV发生率等指标,探讨颊针及颊针联合昂丹司琼在非老年女性患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的使用效果。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 对象选择

本研究为前瞻性、随机、单盲、对照试验,研究对象为全身麻醉下择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的非老年女性患者,于2023年3月至2024年6月完成。本研究获得德州市人民医院(山东大学齐鲁医院德州医院)伦理委员会批准(审批号:2022059)。所有患者随机分为昂丹司琼组(A组)、颊针组(B组)和颊针联合昂丹司琼组(C组)。以术后中重度疼痛发生率计算样本量。根据预实验数据计算得出,胆囊手术术后中重度疼痛发生率为40%,颊针组为10%,通过PASS15.0软件,设定α为0.05,1-β为80%,共需要纳入95名患者,考虑到约10%的样本脱落率,共需纳入105名患者进行研究,每组35人。对受试对象及数据收集者设盲,对麻醉医生不设盲。

纳入标准:(1) 全身麻醉下择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的女性患者;(2) ASAI-II级;(3) 年龄30~64岁;(4) BMI 18.5~28 kg/m2;(5) 遵循ERAS方案并自愿参与。

排除标准:(1) 可能影响结果的消化系统疾病;(2) 眩晕、偏头痛、吸烟史、高血压Ⅲ级、严重心律失常、心绞痛、心力衰竭,严重肝肾功能不全,神经精神疾病,认知障碍;(3) 长期使用阿片类药物史;(4) 术前48小时使用非甾体抗炎药、阿片类镇痛药或镇吐药物;(5) 不能耐受针灸;(6) 依从性差;(7) 对昂丹司琼过敏;(8) 因水、电解质紊乱或严重手术并发症导致严重恶心呕吐;(9) 孕妇;(10) 脸颊部整形或有肉毒素注射病史。

2.2. 麻醉方法

患者术前禁食6小时,术前2小时饮用清饮料(<200 mL)。术前不插胃管,不进行肠道准备;术中冲洗液加热至37℃;术后不留置导尿管、不放置腹腔引流管,尽早进行术后锻炼。

病人进入手术室后,监测心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心电图(ECG)、呼末二氧化碳(ETCO2)。麻醉诱导前静脉泵入右美托咪定0.5ug/kg;诱导用药包括酒石酸布托啡诺1 mg iv、舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg iv、丙泊酚1~3 mg/kg iv、苯磺酸顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg iv,达到合适麻醉深度后插入食管引流型喉罩;手术开始前尼松0.5 mg/kg iv超前镇痛;术中维持采用丙泊酚(2~4 mg/kg/min)、瑞芬太尼静脉泵入(0.1~0.2 ug/kg/min)、低流量七氟烷吸入(≤1%),维持气腹压12~14 mmHg,ETCO2 35~45 mmHg,适量输入晶体或胶体溶液。适量使用血管活性药物维持病人血压心率正常范围。

A组和C组患者在手术结束前静脉注射昂丹司琼(4 mg),而B组不接受该干预。

所有患者均使用术后自控镇痛(PCA)泵。其参数为:舒芬太尼(2 ug/kg,用0.9%生理盐水稀释至100 mL),背景流量2 mL/h,自控剂量2 mL/次,锁定时间15分钟。

2.3. 颊针处理

麻醉诱导后,B组和C组患者颊针治疗,A组患者不进行颊针。消毒后,使用一次性针(安徽马鞍山邦德,0.18 mm × 30 mm)快速进针,深度0.3~0.5寸,手术结束后拔除。

穴位选择:双侧上焦(下颌骨冠状突与颧弓下缘交点)、双侧中焦(上焦、下焦连线中点)及中焦加强穴位、双侧颈穴(颧骨根上缘)、双侧背穴(颧弓下缘与颞下颌关节下囊交点)及右侧背穴加强穴位[6] (图1)。

注:A图为左面颊部颊针穴;B图为右面颊部颊针穴位。a:颈穴(颧骨根上缘);b:背穴(颧弓下缘与颞下颌关节下囊交点);b1和b2:背穴加强穴;c:上焦穴(下颌骨冠状突与颧弓下缘交点);d:中焦穴(上焦、下焦连线中点);d1:中焦穴加强穴。

Figure 1. Acupoints of cheek acupuncture

1. 颊针穴位

2.4. 术后管理

术后评估患者疼痛与术后恶心呕吐。对于不能耐受的疼痛,静脉注射尼松30 mg镇痛,阿片类作为二线药物。对于不能耐受的PONV,首选4~8 mg昂丹司琼酌情静脉使用,如效果不佳,则按照《术后恶心呕吐管理的共识性指南(第四版)》推荐的方法采取进一步治疗措施[14]

2.5. 观察指标

术后0~24小时根据VAS评分(0,无;1~3,轻度;4~6,中度;7~10,重度)评估术后中重度疼痛发生率、术后疼痛VAS评分、PONV发生率、术中麻醉药物使用量、术后补救性镇痛和止吐药物使用率、围手术期不良事件发生率、麻醉后监护室(PACU)停留时间、首次排气时间和术后出院时间。

2.6. 统计学分析

连续变量资料使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验正态分布,使用Levene检验方差齐性。正态分布数据以均数 ± 标准差表示,采用方差分析;非正态分布数据采用中位数(四分位间距)表示,采用非参数检验(Kruskal-Wallis检验);分类变量资料以百分数表示,采用卡方检验。P < 0.05为有统计学意义。分类变量资料组间两两比较采用Bonferroni校正,将两两比较的显著性水平调整为α' = 0.05/3 ≈ 0.0167。

3. 结果

3.1. 一般资料

最终98例患者纳入分析,昂丹司琼组(A组) 32人、颊针组(B) 34人、颊针联合昂丹司琼组(C组) 32人。三组患者在年龄、体重、BMI、ASA分级、手术时长等基线特征无统计学差异(表1),具有可比性。

Table 1. Patients’ characteristics and operative data

1. 病人一般情况比较

A组(n = 32)

B组(n = 34)

C组(n = 32)

P值

年龄(岁)

51.50 (21)

51.00 (15)

52.00 (16)

0.722

身高(cm)

160.00 (6.00)

160.12 (4.00)

158.88 (7.00)

0.488

体重(kg)

64.50 ± 6.99

64.49 ± 6.18

61.81 ± 8.25

0.227

BMI (kg/m2)

26.36 (4.80)

25.39 (4.07)

24.32 (4.01)

0.234

ASA I (n (%))

11 (34.4)

9 (26.5)

6 (18.8)

0.367

ASA II (n (%))

21 (65.6)

25 (73.5)

26 (81.3)

0.367

手术时长(min)

45.00 (21)

42.5 (22)

40.00 (15)

0.311

:分类变量资料以n (%)表示,正态分布资料以均数 ± 标准差表示,非正态分布资料以中位数(四分位间距)表示。缩略:ASA,美国麻醉医师分会(American Society of Anesthesiologists);BMI,体重指数(body mass index)。

3.2. 观察指标

A组、B组和C组术后0~24小时中重度疼痛(VAS4-10)发生率分别为40.6%、11.8%、12.5%,三组比较有统计学差异(P = 0.006)。B组与A组(P = 0.007 < 0.0167)和C组与A组(P = 0.011 < 0.0167)比较存在统计学差异,B组与C组比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05) (表2)。

三组术后6~12小时疼痛VAS评分差异有统计学意义(P = 0.000),B组与A组(P = 0.001)、C组与A组(P = 0.000)存在统计学差异;术后0~6小时和12~24小时,三组无统计学差异(P > 0.05) (表2)。

A组、B组、C组的术后补救镇痛药物使用率分别为28.1%、2.9%和9.4%,B组与A组存在统计学差异(P = 0.005 < 0.0167)、C组与A组无统计学差异(P = 0.053 > 0.0167) (表2)。

Table 2. Postoperative pain data

2. 术后疼痛资料

A组(n = 32)

B组(n = 34)

C组(n = 32)

P值

0~6 h VAS评分

1 (1)

1 (1)

1 (1)

0.179

6~12 h VAS评分

1.00 (5)

1 (0)*

1 (0)#

0.000

12~24 h VAS评分

1 (0)

1 (0)

1 (0)

0.145

术后中重度疼痛发生率(n (%))

13 (40.6)

4 (11.8)**

4 (12.5)##

0.006

术后补救性镇痛药物使用率(n (%))

9 (28.1)

1 (2.9)***

3 (9.4)###

0.012

:分类变量资料以n (%)表示,非正态分布资料以中位数(四分位间距)表示。分类变量资料组间两两比较采用Bonferroni校正,将两两比较的显著性水平调整为α' = 0.05/3 ≈ 0.0167。与A组相比,*P = 0.001,**P = 0.007,***P = 0.005,#P = 0.000,##P = 0.011,###P = 0.053。

A组、B组和C组的术后恶心呕吐(PONV)发生率分别为34.4%、14.7%和31.3%,组间无统计学差异(P = 0.148) (表3)。

三组术后0~24小时、0~6小时、6~12小时和12~24小时的术后恶心呕吐(PONV)VAS评分无统计学差异(P > 0.05) (表3)。

三组术后补救性止吐药使用无统计学差异(P = 0.705) (表3)。

三组患者PACU停留时间(P = 0.860)及术后住院时间(P = 0.474)无统计学差异(表3)。

各组术后首次排气时间无统计学差异(P = 0.152) (表3)。

三组的麻醉药物用量(表1)和围手术期并发症(术中高血压、低血压)无统计学差异(表3)。

此外,接受颊针治疗的患者无血肿和断针等并发症发生。

Table 3. Dosage of anesthetic drugs during surgery, complications, and postoperative recovery

3. 术中麻醉药物用量、并发症与术后康复情况

A组(n = 32)

B组(n = 34)

C组(n = 32)

P值

丙泊酚使用量(mg)

380.00 ± 86.21

363.50 ± 77.81

358.40 ± 87.77

0.562

瑞芬太尼使用量(ug)

415.00 (165.00)

400.00 (188.00)

400.00 (195.00)

0.840

PACU停留时间(min)

41.34 ± 10.56

41.61 ± 11.48

40.16 ± 12.10

0.860

首次排气时间min)

1570.00 (334)

1487.50 (464)

1405 (445)

0.152

术后出院时间(天)

2.40 (1.02)

2.71 (1.08)

2.09 (1.12)

0.474

PONV发生率(n (%))

11 (34.4)

5 (14.7)

10 (31.3)

0.148

PONVVAS评分:

术后0~24小时VAS评分

0 (4)

0 (0)

0 (5)

0.177

术后0~6小时VAS评分

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.863

术后6~12小时VAS评分

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.054

术后12~24小时VAS评分

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.092

术后补救性镇吐药使用率(n (%))

5 (15.6)

3 (8.8)

5 (15.6)

0.705

术中高血压发生率n (%))

5 (15.6)

4 (11.8)

2 (6.3)

0.527

术中低血压发生率(n (%))

4 (12.5)

4 (11.8)

3 (9.4)

1.000

:分类变量资料以n (%)表示,正态分布资料以均数 ± 标准差表示,非正态分布资料以中位数(四分位间距)表示。缩略:PACU,麻醉复苏室(Post-Anesthesia Care Unit);PONV,术后恶心呕吐(Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting)。

4. 讨论

随着医学的快速发展,术后疼痛管理越来越受到重视,术后中重度疼痛现已成为衡量术后急性疼痛的重要指标[15]-[23]。在美国和欧洲,术后中重度疼痛的发生率分别为86%和70% [24] [25]。在中国,尽管术后68%的患者使用阿片类镇痛药(89%的阿片类镇痛药通过静脉PCA途径给予),但术后第一天的中重度疼痛发生率为48.7% 。虽然腹腔镜胆囊切除术是一种微创手术,我们观察到,即使使用术后镇痛泵,未进行颊针治疗的患者术后24小时内中重度疼痛发生率仍高达40.6%,并且术后补救性镇痛药物使用率分别为28.1%,这与Liu等的研究一致[26]。因此,腹腔镜胆囊切除术应给予充分有效的术后镇痛,而颊针是一项不错的选择。目前研究认为颊针对手术后疼痛有效,但尚没有关于颊针对术后中重度疼痛的相关研究[9] [11] [27]-[29]。我们发现,颊针、颊针联合昂丹司琼术后中重度疼痛发生率分别11.8%、12.5%,与非颊针组相比下降了约30%。我们还发现,颊针组患者在术后6~12小时内的VAS评分与非颊针组患者有统计学差异,这提示颊针的镇痛持续时间约为12小时。颊针通过将针刺信号传递到中枢神经系统后,调节5-HT、β-内啡肽和胆囊收缩素-8 (CCK-8)通路阻断疼痛信号的传递[30]。动物研究报告表明,针灸和电针的镇痛作用被5-HT3受体拮抗剂部分阻断,虽然在本研究中我们观察到颊针联合昂丹司琼组术后中重度疼痛发生率与颊针组没有差异(11.8% vs 12.5%, P > 0.05),但是术后补救性镇痛药物使用率在联合组有上升趋势[31] [32]。昂丹司琼组、颊针组组、颊针联合昂丹司琼联合组的术后补救镇痛药物使用率分别为28.1%、2.9%和9.4%,颊针组与昂丹司琼组存在统计学差异(P = 0.005),而颊针联合昂丹司琼组与昂丹司琼组相比无统计学差异(P = 0.053),这提示5-HT3受体拮抗剂昂丹司琼可能削弱了颊针的镇痛作用。

《术后恶心呕吐管理的共识性指南(第四版)》推荐多种止吐方案用于预防高危病人的PONV[14]。研究认为,针灸显示出良好的止吐效果[33]-[35]。然而关于针灸和止吐药联合的研究较少。与单独使用昂丹司琼相比,一项研究显示,使用昂丹司琼联合针灸仅在减少恶心方面有效,对呕吐无显著效果[36]。目前认为颊针能够降低术后恶心呕吐发生率[30]。但是,目前只有极少研究认为颊针联合昂达司琼与昂丹司琼和颊针相比能够更好地降低术后恶心呕吐的发生[37]。然而,我们没有观察到昂丹司琼联合颊针在腹腔镜胆囊切除术的女性患者有更低的PONV发生率和更低的术后恶心呕吐VAS评分,并且从趋势上看,单纯颊针组具有更低的PONV发生率(14.7%),而颊针联合昂丹司琼组与昂丹司司琼组相近(31.3% VS 34.4%)组。因此,我们不能认为颊针联合昂丹司琼与颊针相比在非老年女性患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后有更好镇吐效果。不同手术方式、不同人群、不同穴位选择可能影响了颊针术后恶心呕吐的预防效果。

此外,右美托咪定具有镇静和辅助镇痛作用,符合ERAS理念。在三个组中均衡使用,最大程度降低了试验结果的影响。

本研究有一定的局限性。我们研究的样本量较小,且未进行多中心的研究。小样本量可能导致假阴性结果增加。

综上所述,我们发现颊针是一种高效、便捷的镇痛方法,无论单独使用或者联合昂丹司琼使用均可有效降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术后24小时内中重度疼痛的发生率。然而,颊针联合昂丹司琼在降低术后恶心呕吐发生率和降低术后补救性镇痛药物使用率方面并不优于单独使用颊针。

基金项目

山东省医学会临床科研资金–齐鲁专项资助项目(YXH2022ZX02097)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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