辩证与欲望：赫尔曼·马尔库塞的哲学探索

Dialectics and Desire: Hermann Marcuse’s Philosophical Exploration

摘要: 法兰克福学派作为在二战前后的复杂社会背景中崭露头角的哲学流派，着眼于当时的社会重大问题及民生环境，并通过深刻的历史与心理分析，试图探究这些问题的根源与因果关系。该学派对于风靡一时的“实证主义”提出了批判，认为其过度侧重工具理性，忽略了人类情感和精神因素在社会中的重要作用，并因此导致了“意识形态”对社会的全面控制。本文将深入探讨“工具理性”的时代如何影响社会的整体状况，同时强调法兰克福学派中马尔库塞的辩证观点，他既批判了“工具理性”，又提出了正确理性的构建，并探讨了这一理性对人类社会的潜在影响。

Abstract: As a philosophical school that emerged in the complex social context before and after World War II, the Frankfurt School focused on the major social issues and living conditions of the time and attempted to explore the roots and causal relationships of these problems through profound historical and psychological analysis. This school criticized the then-popular “positivism”, arguing that it overemphasized instrumental rationality and neglected the significant role of human emotions and spiritual factors in society, thereby leading to the comprehensive control of “ideology” over society. This article will delve into how the era of “instrumental rationality” has influenced the overall situation of society, while highlighting the dialectical perspective of Marcuse within the Frankfurt School. He not only criticized “instrumental rationality” but also proposed the construction of correct rationality and explored its potential impact on human society.