焊接应力与变形数值模拟研究现状

Research Status of Numerical Simulation on Welding Stress and Deformation

摘要: 焊接作为现代工业中关键的材料连接技术，广泛应用于船舶、航空航天、压力容器等领域。然而，焊接过程中因温度场剧烈变化产生的变形与残余应力，不仅会降低构件尺寸精度和力学性能，还可能导致结构早期失效，增加生产废品率。焊前通过数值模拟预测变形与应力，并基于结果优化工艺参数，是控制焊接质量的有效手段。本文系统梳理了焊接变形预测方法的发展历程，重点分析了固有应变法、热弹塑性有限元法等主流数值模拟方法的原理、优势及应用现状，总结了复杂构件焊接变形的规律及控制策略(如焊接顺序优化)，并展望了该领域的未来研究方向，为相关工程应用与学术研究提供参考。

Abstract: Welding, as a critical material joining technology in modern industry, is widely applied in fields such as shipbuilding, aerospace, and pressure vessels. However, the deformation and residual stress generated during the welding process due to the drastic changes in the temperature field can not only reduce the dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of components but also potentially lead to early structural failure and increase production scrap rates. Predicting deformation and stress through numerical simulation before welding and optimizing process parameters based on the results is an effective means of controlling welding quality. This paper systematically reviews the development history of welding deformation prediction methods, focusing on analyzing the principles, advantages, and application status of mainstream numerical simulation methods such as the inherent strain method and the thermo-elastoplastic finite element method. It summarizes the deformation patterns and control strategies (e.g., welding sequence optimization) for complex components and outlines future research directions in this field, aiming to provide a reference for related engineering applications and academic research.