大四学生焦虑的多维成因及应对策略

Multidimensional Causes of Anxiety and Coping Strategies among Senior College Students

摘要: 随着社会的发展与竞争的增加，大学生出现心理焦虑情况已是较为普遍的现象。本文以即将步入大四的学生为对象，引入拉扎勒斯(Lazarus)的压力与应对理论作为分析框架，该理论认为焦虑的产生源于个体对压力源的“初级评估”(判断事件是否构成威胁)与“次级评估”(判断自身应对资源是否充足)的交互作用。基于此，本文首先探讨大四学生焦虑的整体特征，再从学业压力、就业迷茫、自我认知偏差、同辈压力及未来不确定性等方面分析多维因素——这些因素分别对应压力源、初级评估偏差与次级评估缺陷；最后结合大四学生的特有阶段特征，从个人、学校、社会三个层面提出针对性策略，构建全方位心理支持体系，帮助大四学生缓解焦虑，实现心理健康发展。

Abstract: With the development of society and increasing competition, psychological anxiety among college students has become a common phenomenon. This paper focuses on students who are about to enter their senior year and introduces Lazarus’ Stress and Coping Theory as the analytical framework. This theory holds that anxiety arises from the interaction between an individual’s “primary appraisal” (judging whether an event constitutes a threat) and “secondary appraisal” (judging whether one’s own coping resources are sufficient) of stressors. Based on this, the paper first explores the overall characteristics of anxiety among senior students, and then analyzes multi-dimensional factors from aspects such as academic pressure, employment confusion, self-cognitive bias, peer pressure, and future uncertainty—these factors correspond to stressors, primary appraisal biases, and secondary appraisal deficiencies respectively. Finally, combined with the unique stage characteristics of senior students, targeted strategies are proposed from the individual, school, and social levels to build a comprehensive psychological support system, helping senior students alleviate anxiety and achieve mental health development.