“附带赋权模式”下执行文制度本土化构建

Localization Construction of Execution Document System under the “Incidental Empowerment Model”

摘要: 民事强制执行是国家机关运用国家公权力对私人领域的干预，体现了国家公权力的浓重色彩，因而更加强调权力行使的正当性。当前，“附带赋权模式”下我国民事强制执行程序启动存在审查权混乱、审查程序后置造成不当执行、救济错位和救济不平衡等问题。德国、日本、韩国等大陆法系国家有较为成熟的制度经验，在执行力赋权模式上采用“独立赋权模式”，通过执行文制度在审判与执行间搭建桥梁，解决了执行依据执行力问题，规范了民事强制执行启动程序，构建了完善的执行救济机制。笔者认为执行文制度虽然不能与我国司法实践完全契合，不适合径行制度移植，但可以借鉴执行文制度功能，将执行文制度本土化，建立起科学高效的执行依据审查制度，完善我国民事强制执行启动程序，以更好衔接民事审判程序和强制执行程序。在执行依据审查上在执行机构内部设专门执行立案审查部门，由员额法官负责对经立案机构形式审查后的执行要件审查；在救济程序上以先执行异议制度作为强制执行程序启动前的程序性救济，以许可执行之诉作为实体性救济。

Abstract: Civil compulsory execution is the intervention of state organs in the private sphere by using state power, which reflects the strong color of state power, thus emphasizing the legitimacy of the exercise of power. At present, under the incidental empowerment mode, there are some problems in the initiation of civil enforcement procedure in China, such as the confusion of the right to review, the improper execution caused by the post-review procedure, the dislocation of relief and the imbalance of relief. Germany, Japan, South Korea and other civil law countries have more mature system experience, and adopt “independent empowerment mode” in the empowerment mode of execution, which builds a bridge between trial and execution through the execution document system, solves the problem of execution according to execution, standardizes the procedure of starting civil compulsory execution, and constructs a perfect execution relief mechanism. The author believes that although the enforcement document system cannot fully align with China’s judicial practice and is not suitable for direct system transplantation, it can draw on the functions of the enforcement document system, localize the enforcement document system, establish a scientific and efficient review system for enforcement basis, and improve the initiation procedures of civil compulsory enforcement in China, so as to better connect the civil trial procedure and the compulsory enforcement procedure. In the review of execution basis, a special execution filing review department is set up within the execution agency, and the post judge is responsible for the review of the execution requirements after the formal review by the filing agency; in the relief procedure, the first execution objection system is used as the procedural relief before the start of the compulsory execution procedure, and the action of permission execution is used as the substantive relief.