从权利正义到情感正义——洛克正义思想与休谟正义思想研究

From Rights-Based Justice to Sentimental Justice—A Study of Locke’s and Hume’s Theories of Justice

摘要: 正义是政治哲学的核心范畴。在政治哲学史上，洛克开创了将财产权作为正义基础的论证进路。洛克的正义思想是权利正义观，洛克认为自然权利是正义的基础，财产权属于人的自然权利，政府的目的是保护公民的生命权、财产权，正义来自于政府对于公民生命权与财产权的保护。休谟的正义思想是情感正义观。休谟认为财产权与正义的基础是人的情感与利益。正义在于符合人的道德直觉与利益。休谟的正义进路是基于情感。无论是基于权利正义还是情感正义，这两种正义进路都是对于商品经济发展下市民社会正义诉求的理论表明。

Abstract: Justice is a central concept in political philosophy. In the history of political philosophy, Locke pioneered the argument that property rights serve as the foundation of justice. Locke’s theory of justice is rights-based, asserting that natural rights are the basis of justice. Property rights, as part of natural rights, must be protected by governments, whose primary purpose is to safeguard citizens’ rights to life and property. Justice, therefore, stems from the government’s protection of these rights. In contrast, Hume’s theory of justice is sentiment-based. Hume argues that property rights and justice are grounded in human sentiments and interests. Justice lies in its alignment with moral intuition and utility. Hume’s approach to justice is rooted in emotion. Whether based on rights or sentiments, both theories represent theoretical responses to the demands for justice in civil society under the development of a commodity economy.