小冲杆蠕变试验综述

A Review of Creep Tests on Small Punch Rods

摘要: 在石油化工、核工业、航空航天等长时间需要高温作业的行业，其压力容器和传输管道的使用非常集中，并且长期在高温高压、腐蚀、辐照等苛刻的工况下，构件易发生蠕变、热疲劳、腐蚀等现象，导致构件的材料力学性能受损甚至失效，使得服役寿命严重缩短，材料容易劣化并可能导致安全事故。其中最主要的失效形式为蠕变。因此，如何检验管道老化和设备使用寿命，一直都是检验工作的重点。然而，传统的无损检测技术和表面金相分析都存在局限性，两者都无法真正评估在役承压结构材料的力学性能、断裂性能或蠕变性能。尽管常规试验方法能够测试材料的多种性能，但它们往往会对原设备造成显著的损伤和破坏。相比之下，小冲杆试验技术自20世纪80年代初提出以来，已经迅速发展成为一种微损取样且能确定材料力学性能的先进试验方法，具有破坏小、操作简单、使测定局部材质成为可能等优点。通过学者们的研究和探索，如今小冲杆蠕变试验有了突破性进展，通过小冲杆蠕变试验研究HDPE管的力学性能、对固体氧化物燃料电池钎焊密封接头蠕变损伤演化规律等研究都证明现在这种技术已经比较成熟。

Abstract: In industries that require high-temperature work for a long time, such as petrochemical industry, nuclear industry, aerospace, etc., the use of pressure vessels and transmission pipelines is very concentrated, and under harsh working conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, corrosion, and irradiation for a long time, components are prone to creep, thermal fatigue, corrosion, etc. resulting in damage or even failure of the material mechanical properties of components, which seriously shortens the service life, makes the materials easy to deteriorate and may lead to safety accidents. The most important form of failure is creep. Therefore, how to inspect the aging of pipelines and the service life of equipment has always been the focus of inspection work. However, both traditional non-destructive testing techniques and surface metallographic analysis have limitations, neither of which can truly evaluate the mechanical, fracture, or creep properties of in-service pressure-bearing structural materials. Although conventional test methods are capable of testing a wide range of properties of materials, they often cause significant damage and destruction to the original equipment. In contrast, since the early 80s of the 20th century, the small punch bar test technology has rapidly developed into an advanced test method for micro-loss sampling and the determination of the mechanical properties of materials, which has the advantages of small damage, simple operation, and making it possible to determine local materials. Through the research and exploration of scholars, there has been a breakthrough in the creep test of small punch rods, and the research on the mechanical properties of HDPE pipes through the creep test of small punch rods, and the creep damage evolution law of brazed sealed joints of solid oxide fuel cells have proved that this technology is now relatively mature.