纤维基吸油滤毡的制备及油液吸附性能研究

Study on Preparation of Fiber-Based Oil-Absorbing Filter Felt and Its Oil Adsorption Performance

摘要: 纤维基吸油材料在油污治理领域占据重要地位，具有高效吸附、环境适应及可持续性等多方面的优势。常见纤维基吸油材料是以聚丙烯、聚氨酯等化学合成材料，通过静电纺丝、熔喷工艺等制成的高孔隙率非织造布。本课题以天然的中空木棉纤维和低成本的竹浆纤维为原料，以干法成网–化学粘合的方法，在纤维网表面喷洒EVA粉末，制备不同质量比的木棉/竹浆纤维吸油滤毡。并探究不同质量比的吸油滤毡在形貌结构、吸油倍率、油水分离性能、保油率、吸油速率、接触角等性能方面的变化。结果表明：制备的吸油滤毡，微观结构上具有三维空隙网状结构，EVA粘合后呈现点状粘合；当木棉/竹浆纤维质量比为9:1时，所制备的木棉纤维基滤毡的吸油性能最好，吸油倍率高达50.37，油水分离性能最好；6组吸油滤毡的保油率均在60%以上；5#样品的吸油速率最大，可达41.8 g/min；6组吸油滤毡的疏水效果均较好，在碱性条件下的接触角更大；1~5#样品具有良好的重复利用性能；总之，5#样品的综合性能最佳。

Abstract: Fiber-based oil-absorbing materials play a significant role in the field of oil pollution control, offering advantages in terms of efficient adsorption, environmental adaptability, and sustainability. Common fiber-based oil-absorbing materials are high-porosity nonwoven fabrics made from chemically synthesized materials such as polypropylene and polyurethane through processes like electro-spinning and melt-blowing. Natural hollow kapok fibers and cost-effective bamboo pulp fibers as raw materials were utilized with the dry-laid web formation and chemical bonding method, EVA powder was sprayed onto the fiber web surface to produce oil-absorbing filter felts with varying mass ratios of kapok to bamboo pulp fibers in this project. The changes in morphological structure, oil absorption rate, oil-water separation performance, oil retention rate, oil absorption rate, contact angle, and other properties of oil-absorbing filter felts with different mass ratio were explored in the study. The results indicated that the oil-absorbing filter felts exhibit a three-dimensional porous network structure in their microstructure, and after EVA bonding, they presented a point-like adhesion. When the mass ratio of kapok/bamboo pulp fibers was 9:1, the kapok fiber-based filter felt exhibits the best oil absorption performance, with an absorption ratio of nearly 50.37 and the best oil-water separation performance. The oil-absorbing rates of all six groups of oil-absorbing filter felts were above 60%. Sample 5# demonstrated the highest oil absorption rate, reaching 41.8 g/min. All six groups of oil-absorbing filter felts exhibited good hydrophobic effects, with larger contact angles under alkaline conditions. Samples 1~5# demonstrated good reusability. In summary, sample 5# exhibited the best comprehensive performance.