综采工作面无线传感器网络能量效率与均衡加权路由协议

An Energy-Efficient and Balance-Weighted Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks on Fully Mechanized Mining Faces

摘要: 无线传感器网络(WSN)在煤矿综采工作面等特殊线性拓扑环境中的应用，对数据传输的能效和网络生命周期提出了严峻挑战。经典的LEACH协议因其簇头选举的随机性，未考虑节点的剩余能量和地理位置，导致网络能耗不均、生命周期较短。针对此问题，本文提出了一种加权选举路由协议(Weighted Election Routing Protocol, WERP)。WERP协议在簇头选举阶段，引入了一个结合节点剩余能量和与基站距离的加权模型。通过权重因子α，可以灵活调整能量和距离在选举决策中的重要性。为了验证协议性能，本文使用Python构建了一个高度模拟煤矿综采工作面线性拓扑的仿真环境，并将WERP协议(在α = 0.8和α = 0.2两种配置下)与经典LEACH协议进行了全面的性能对比。仿真结果表明，WERP协议(α = 0.8)更侧重能量均衡，在延长网络生命周期方面表现更佳，其首个节点死亡时间比LEACH延迟了约25%；而WERP协议(α = 0.2)更侧重能量效率，在整个网络的能耗上表现更佳。同时，通过对网络总能耗、负载均衡和能量分布的深入分析，证明了WERP协议能够显著提升能量利用效率，并智能地将通信负载分配给最优节点，有效延长了整个网络的稳定运行时间。

Abstract: The application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in unique linear topologies, such as fully mechanized coal mining faces, presents significant challenges to data transmission efficiency and network lifetime. The classic LEACH protocol, due to the randomness of its cluster head selection, fails to consider the residual energy and geographical location of nodes, leading to imbalanced energy consumption and a shortened network lifetime. To address this issue, this paper proposes a Weighted Election Routing Protocol (WERP). In its cluster head selection phase, WERP introduces a weighted model that combines the node’s residual energy with its distance to the base station. A weighting factor, α, allows for flexible adjustment of the importance between energy and distance in the election decision. To validate the protocol’s performance, a simulation environment highly representative of a linear coal mining face topology was developed in Python. A comprehensive performance comparison was conducted between WERP (with α = 0.8 and α = 0.2 configurations) and the classic LEACH protocol. The simulation results indicate that WERP (α = 0.8), which places greater emphasis on energy balancing, excels in prolonging the network lifetime, delaying the first node death by approximately 25% compared to LEACH. Conversely, WERP (α = 0.2), which prioritizes energy efficiency, demonstrates superior performance in terms of the overall energy consumption of the network. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of total energy consumption, load balancing, and energy distribution confirms that the WERP protocol can significantly enhance energy utilization efficiency, intelligently assign communication loads to optimal nodes, and effectively extend the stable operational period of the entire network.