NLR、PLR与维持性血液透析患者合并心血管疾病的研究进展
Research Progress on Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients Undergoing NLR, PLR and Maintenance Hemodialysis
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.1592687, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 张渝亭*, 马瑞坤, 靳 晨:承德医学院研究生学院,河北 承德;王俊芳, 牛晓涛, 唐权屹:河北医科大学研究生学院,河北 石家庄;张 林, 宋晔宸:河北北方学院研究生学院,河北 张家口;刘艳玲, 王 晶, 鲁 华#:邢台市人民医院肾内科,河北 邢台
关键词: 维持性血液透析心血管疾病中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值血小板淋巴细胞比值Maintenance Hemodialysis Cardiovascular Diseases Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio
摘要: 近年来,慢性肾脏疾病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)发病率持续上升。血液透析(haemodialysis, HD)作为危重症或晚期肾脏病患者主要肾脏替代疗法,极大地延长了患者的生存期,但同时也伴随着一些并发症,特别是心血管疾病已成为终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease, ESRD)患者最常见的并发症和死亡的主要原因,中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、血小板淋巴细胞比值(platelet to lymphocyte ratio, PLR)是近期发现的新型炎症标志物。研究表明,NLR是影响MHD患者合并心血管疾病发生的危险因素,而PLR则是MHD患者全因死亡率和心血管死亡率的独立预测指标。目前,在临床实践中,一些传统的炎症标志物,如IL-6和TNF-α,在MHD患者中的常规检测存在困难,不仅不方便,而且成本高昂,相比之下,NLR和PLR作为简单、易于获得且具有成本效益的新型炎症标志物,可以在缺乏其他昂贵炎症标志物测试的情况下,帮助临床医生评估MHD患者的微炎症状态和预后。深入研究NLR和PLR与MHD患者合并心血管疾病的相关性,可能为MHD患者并发症管理提供新的生物标志物和治疗靶点。
Abstract: In recent years, the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has continued to rise. Hemodialysis (HD), as the main renal replacement therapy for critically ill or advanced kidney disease patients, has greatly prolonged the survival period of patients, but it is also accompanied by some complications. In particular, cardiovascular diseases have become the most common complication and the main cause of death for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are novel inflammatory markers discovered recently. Studies have shown that NLR is a risk factor influencing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in MHD patients, while PLR is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in MHD patients. At present, in clinical practice, the routine detection of some traditional inflammatory markers, such as 1L-6 and TNFa, in MHD patients is difficult. It is not only inconvenient but also costly. In contrast, NLR and PLR, as simple, easily accessible and cost-effective new inflammatory markers, It can help clinicians assess the micro-inflammatory status and prognosis of MHD patients in the absence of other expensive inflammatory marker tests. In-depth research on the correlation between NLR and PLR and cardiovascular diseases in MHD patients may provide new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the management of complications in MHD patients.
文章引用:张渝亭, 王俊芳, 马瑞坤, 牛晓涛, 靳晨, 唐权屹, 张林, 宋晔宸, 刘艳玲, 王晶, 鲁华. NLR、PLR与维持性血液透析患者合并心血管疾病的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(9): 1802-1812. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.1592687

1. 引言

慢性肾脏病(Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD)及其终末阶段——终末期肾病(End stage renal disease, ESRD)已成为全球严重的公共卫生问题[1]。据统计,1990年至2017年间,全球的CKD死亡率增加了41.5% [2]。而我国同期增长率高达152.7%,远远高于全球CKD死亡率的增长速度[3]。按此趋势,CKD预计将在2040年成为全球导致寿命损失的第五大常见原因[4]。CKD是指肾脏损伤或不明原因导致的肾小球率过滤(glomerular filtration rate, GFR)小于60 ml/min/1.73m2超过3个月的疾病[5],如果患者未得到及时有效的治疗,随着肾实质不可逆性损害,可出现肾脏器萎缩,并逐渐发展为ESRD [6]。当GFR ≤ 15 ml/min/1.73m2时诊断为ESRD。肾脏替代治疗是ESRD患者的有效治疗方法,通常包括血液透析(Hemodialysis, HD)、腹膜透析和肾移植,其中血液透析是ESRD患者最常用、最安全的肾脏替代治疗方式,可显著延长患者生存期[7] [8]。然而,HD不可避免会伴随某些并发症[9],如心血管事件、感染甚至死亡等。其中心血管事件是MHD患者常见的并发症及死亡的首要原因[10]。占该类患者死亡原因的40%~60%,是普通人群的10~20倍[11]。在MHD患者中,除传统危险因素外,“微炎症状态”被广泛认为是CVD发生与进展的重要推手[12]。是MHD患者并发心血管疾病的促进因素,也是肾衰竭患者因心血管并发症死亡的预测因子[13]。该状态表现为低水平、持续的炎症状态[14] [15]。通常表现为体内炎症标志蛋白和炎症因子水平持续升高[16]。临床上以hs-CRP在3~10 mg/L为常用判定标准[17]。MHD患者中约30%~65%存在此现象[18]-[20]。其与动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、心律失常、心力衰竭及静脉血栓形成密切相关,并可预测不良预后[16] [21]。如今CRP、白细胞介素1和6以及TNF-α作为炎症标志物其效能已被认可[22] [23]。但是,在目前的社会经济状况下,我们需要寻找成本效益更高的生物标记物。近年来,中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、血小板淋巴细胞比值(platelet to lymphocyte ratio, PLR)因检测简单、成本低廉,被视为新型炎症标志物。大量研究证实:NLR与CRP、IL-6及TNF-α呈显著正相关,动态趋势高度一致[24] [25]。回顾性分析43,272例血液透析患者,发现NLR甚至可以作为CRP的潜在替代标志物,用于评估CKD患者全身炎症状态[26] [27]。PLR同样与CRP、白介素6、肿瘤坏死因子等水平呈正相关[28] [29]。本文将综合目前的研究结果,阐述NLR及PLR在MHD并发心血管疾病患者中的研究进展,探讨NLR及PLR在MHD并发心血管疾病患者中的预测、诊断和管理中的潜在价值,为今后的研究提供依据。

2. NLR、PLR的生物学特性和检测

NLR定义为外周血中性粒细胞绝对计数与淋巴细胞绝对计数之比;PLR则为血小板绝对计数与淋巴细胞绝对计数之比。NLR升高提示急性或慢性炎症、氧化应激及肿瘤相关性炎症,PLR升高则反应血栓性炎症及慢性持续性炎症,二者在感染、自身免疫病、心血管疾病和肿瘤领域中均具有重要的辅助诊断和预后评估价值。

在消化系统中,NLR可以反映溃疡性结肠炎的活动度[30]。在肿瘤方面,高NLR与NK/T 细胞淋巴瘤、泌尿系上皮癌、小细胞肺癌等不良预后相关[31]-[35]。PLR在多种实体瘤中亦提示预后不佳。在代谢及心血管疾病方面,NLR原发性高血压患者早期肾功能损害的独立危险因素[36]。NLR与糖尿病肾病DKD患者的炎症程度、蛋白尿以及肾功能下降呈正相关[37] [38]。NLR、PLR均与老年DKD进展密切相关[39]。NLR升高是抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, ANCA)相关性肾炎病情严重性及不良预后的独立预测因子[40]。在血管通路方面,NLR与HD患者自体动静脉瘘(AVF)狭窄的独立相关[41]。可作为术后早期AVF再狭窄的预警指标。在自身免疫方面,狼疮性肾炎(LN)与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者中,NLR、PLR显著升高,并与活动指数(SLEDAI评分)呈正相关[42]-[44]。NLR有助于鉴别SLE患者疾病活动与感染[45]。在急危重症方面,高PLR与腹膜透析患者CVD事件独立相关。在DKD患者中,PLR升高与左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy, LVH)显著相关[46]。PLR也可用于预测AKI危重患者的预后及造影剂相关肾功能进行性恶化[47]

3. NLR与MHD患者心血管疾病的临床关联

(1) NLR与心脏结构损伤

1) 左心室重构一项纳入大样本的MHD队列发现,NLR与左心室质量指数(LVMI)呈线性正相关,NLR每升高一个四分位,LVMI平均增加9.4 g/m2 [47],Botu等的研究推测持续微炎症状态促使心肌细胞肥厚、间质纤维化,最终表现为MHD患者的心肌不均匀性增厚[48]。Bal等研究发现NLR与ESRD患者的心血管疾病严重程度相关,NLR升高与左室射血分数(LVEF)下降存在负相关趋势,虽未达统计学显著,但方向一致[49]

2) 瓣膜钙化 HD患者主动脉瓣和二尖瓣钙化发生率可达25%~59%。心脏瓣膜钙化组NLR显著高于非钙化组(P < 0.05),且NLR与钙化积分呈等级递增关系[50]。瓣膜钙化不仅增加瓣膜狭窄或关闭不全的风险,还与感染性心内膜炎、猝死密切相关;NLR升高为临床早期干预提供了窗口期。

3) 心房功能异常 Demirtas L等首次报道,高NLR是左心房机械功能障碍及心房电机械延迟的独立危险因素[51]

(2) NLR与动脉粥样硬化及血管钙化

多中心研究一致发现,NLR与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)、胸主动脉钙化评分(TACS)呈显著正相关[47]。CIMT与TACS时全身动脉粥样硬化的“窗口”,NLR升高提示炎症介导的血管重塑正在加速。王血荣报道,在CKD 3~5D期患者中,冠脉动脉钙化(CAC)发生率高达57.93%。NLR是CAC的独立危险因素[52]。一项对225例CKD 3~5期患者进行前瞻性随访发现,NLR与血流介导的血管舒张功能(FMD)呈强负相关;当NLR > 2.8时,可独立预测后续心血管事件,其敏感度和特异度均优于传统炎症指标CRP [53]

(3) NLR与心功能衰竭

陈婷研究显示,无论是否合并充血性心力衰竭(CHF),NLR均与NYHA分级呈正相关;分级越高,NLR越高[54]。日本一项纳入86例透析患者的前瞻性队列研究亦发现,NLR随心功能分级进展呈阶梯式上升,提示其可实时反映心衰的严重程度[55]。马贤玉指出,NLR对MHD患者新发HF具有重要预测价值[56]。黄建槐等进一步证实,心血管事件组NLR显著高于对照组,高NLR患者因急性心衰再住院风险明显增加[57]

(4) NLR与心血管事件发生率

Solak等随访225例CKD 3~5期患者发现,NLR与内皮功能障碍独立相关,可预测复合心血管终点事件[58]。包括心梗、脑卒中、外周动脉闭塞等。Lano等多中心研究证实,NLR与MHD患者心血管事件发生率呈正相关;ROC曲线提示,当NLR > 3.24时,对2年内心血管事件或死亡的预测价值最佳(AUC 0.84) [59]-[61]。有研究将NLR与PLR联合构建炎症评分,发现高炎症评分与MHD患者全因死亡率独立相关[62]。与传统单一指标相比,复合评分显著提高了预测效能。

(5) NLR与死亡率

相关研究在83例回顾性研究及国外339例42个月随访队列中得出一致结论:NLR升高是血液透析患者全因死亡及住院率的独立预测因素[63] [64]。周亮亮与张凤芹指出,NLR > 3.24是连续性血液透析患者2年心血管死亡的独立危险因素[61]。Neuen等2007~2012年单中心大样本研究亦发现,NLR对血液透析患者的心血管并发症死亡具有独立的监测价值[65]。Ao等荟萃分析纳入全球12项研究,证实高NLR与CKD患者全因死亡率和心血管死亡率显著相关。NLR每升高一个单位,心血管死亡风险增加12% [66]

4. PLR与MHD患者心血管疾病的临床关联

(1) PLR与心脏及血管钙化

于平通过多层螺旋CT定量386例MHD患者的主动脉弓钙化体积,发现高PLR是主动脉弓钙化的独立危险因素(OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.53~3.48),钙化体积随PLR四分位增加而递增(P trend < 0.01) [67]。王云丹等发现,PLR与主动脉瓣、二尖瓣钙化积分呈正相关(r = 0.42, P < 0.001) [68]。当PLR ≥ 83.18时,CKD 1~5期患者5年全因死亡风险增加1.6倍,提示PLR可能是跨CKD各期均适用的潜在生物标志物[69]。卜希与刘沧桑观察到,PLR升高是MHD患者并发左心室肥厚(LVH)的独立危险因素(OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.12~2.20),且与左心室质量指数呈线性正相关[70],表明PLR可在结构性心脏病早期阶段即发出预警。

(2) PLR与心血管事件发生率

王聪秀等前瞻性纳入512例MHD患者,中位随访42个月,结果显示PLR是心血管事件(心肌梗死、脑卒中、急性心衰等)的独立危险因素(HR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.21~1.77) [71]。研究发现,PLR水平与动脉硬化程度呈线性相关;以PLR ≥ 150为切点,预测复合心血管终点的AUC达0.79 [72]。此外,在一项包括44,114例MHD患者的早期大型队列中,淋巴细胞计数下降与中性粒细胞计数升高协同增加ESRD患者死亡风险[73],进一步支持PLR作为联合炎症–免疫轴的综合指标具有独特优势。

(3) PLR与死亡终点

一项研究对360例HD患者进行了长达71个月的前瞻性随访,发现PLR处于最高四分位者的全因死亡风险显著升高;多因素Cox回归证实,PLR每升高一个四分位,死亡风险增加28%。Mustafa Yaprak团队的研究亦得出一致结论:高PLR是HD患者全因死亡的独立危险因素[74]。于源等在老年MHD亚群中观察到相同现象——高PLR组3年全因及心血管死亡累积发生率分别为34.7%与21.4%,显著高于低PLR组的14.2%与8.6% [75]。汇总多项单中心研究后指出,高PLR与MHD患者院内死亡风险呈剂量–反应关系,提示PLR可作为院内危重症早期预警指标[76] [77]

5. NLR、PLR影响心血管系统的机制探讨

(1) NLR——炎症免疫失衡的简易窗口

慢性肾脏病(CKD)及维持性血液透析(MHD)患者普遍处于微炎症状态。NLR作为中性粒细胞(促炎)与淋巴细胞(抗炎/免疫调节)两大系统的整合指标,可在常规血常规中直接获得,近年来被证明与肾功能恶化、血管内皮功能障碍及动脉粥样硬化(AS)进程密切相关。

1) NLR与炎症反应的关系:促炎细胞因子的释放。中性粒细胞计数升高提示炎症激活[78]。活化的中性粒细胞释放TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及活性氧自由基,启动并放大全身炎症级联[79]。淋巴细胞计数下降反映免疫抑制状态;IL-6、TNF-α诱导淋巴细胞凋亡,造成Th1/Th2失衡,进一步削弱炎症负调[80] [81]。NLR升高即促炎–抗炎失衡的量化表现,可预测4期CKD患者进入终末期肾衰竭的独立风险[82]

2) NLR对血管内皮功能的影响:氧化应激、一氧化氮(NO)生成减少。活化的中性粒细胞黏附并穿透血管内皮,释放ROS及水解酶,直接损伤内皮基底膜,抑制eNOS活性,减少NO生成,导致血管舒缩功能紊乱[83] [84]。氧化应激与微炎症形成正反馈:内皮损伤部位进一步招募炎症细胞,炎症介质积聚,加剧内皮功能障碍并促发左心室肥厚(LVH) [85]-[87]

3) NLR与动脉粥样硬化:炎症细胞浸润、泡沫细胞形成。中性粒细胞释放的蛋白酶和细胞因子促进单核–巨噬细胞迁移并抑制胆固醇外流,加速泡沫细胞形成;泡沫细胞再次分泌IL-1β、IL-6,推动斑块进展[88]-[91]。VCAM-1、ICAM-1等黏附分子在炎症刺激下表达上调,介导白细胞黏附与跨内皮迁移,成为AS早期关键步骤[92] [93]。临床研究表明,NLR与颈动脉IMT、冠状动脉钙化评分及MHD患者主要心血管不良事件(MACE)呈正相关,可作为血管内皮损伤和AS负荷的独立预测因子[94] [95]

因此NLR通过“促炎细胞因子释放–氧化应激–内皮功能障碍–动脉粥样硬化”的连锁反应,把CKD患者的微炎症状态与心血管风险紧密联系在一起。动态监测NLR,有望为早期识别高危人群、评估干预效果及个体化抗炎治疗提供一条简便而有效的临床路径。

(2) 小板/淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, PLR)近年来被视为一种整合“血炎症双重信息的新型标志物。

大量证据表明,PLR升高不仅反映血小板活化和血栓形成倾向,还提示淋巴细胞凋亡所致免疫失衡及炎症加剧,从而与动脉粥样硬化及其并发症(如心衰、瓣膜钙化等)密切相关。

1) 血小板激活与炎症放大 血流高剪切力可迅速诱导血小板活化并增强其与血管内皮细胞的黏附[96]。活化的血小板大量释放IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α及血小板活化因子(PAF),刺激巨噬细胞增殖并进一步升高循环血小板水平[97] [98]。血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)等分泌产物促进血管平滑肌迁移与内膜增生,加速粥样硬化进程[99]。血小板来源的细胞外囊泡携带CD40L、TLRs等免疫分子,可直接调节T淋巴细胞生成与功能,提示血小板兼具“免疫细胞”属性[100]-[102]

2) 血小板–白细胞交互作用 活化血小板通过P-选择素/PSGL-1等配体与中性粒细胞、单核细胞及T淋巴细胞形成聚集体,诱导白细胞趋化、黏附并迁移至血管壁,触发局部炎症反应[103] [104]

动物及体外研究显示,血小板分泌的基质细胞衍生因子-1 (SDF-1)可招募CD34+干细胞分化为巨噬细胞/泡沫细胞,加速脂质条纹形成[105]

3) 淋巴细胞减少与免疫失衡 慢性炎症状态下,淋巴细胞凋亡显著,导致TNF-α、IL-6等炎症介质进一步升高[106]。淋巴细胞减少不仅削弱宿主免疫监视,还反向促进动脉壁炎症与钙化[107] [108]

因此PLR通过整合血小板活化(促栓、促炎)与淋巴细胞减少(免疫失衡)两大信息,为动脉粥样硬化及其并发症提供了简便、经济且可重复的“血栓–炎症”综合指标。

6. 当前局限

当前关于NLR、PLR与维持性血液透析(MHD)患者合并心血管疾病(CVD)的研究已证实二者具有独立预测价值,但尚存在以下局限:(1) 多数为单中心、横断面或回顾性设计,样本量有限,缺乏外部验证;(2) 仅采集单次血常规数据,未动态监测NLR/PLR变化及其与CVD事件的时序关系;(3) 混杂因素控制不足,感染、铁剂、免疫抑制剂等均可干扰结果;(4) 机制研究停留在细胞层面,缺乏基因、蛋白组学及单细胞测序数据支撑。

7. 结论

现有研究一致证实:在MHD患者中,NLR、PLR升高与动脉粥样硬化、心衰、瓣膜钙化及心血管死亡呈独立正相关;它们不仅是MHD患者心血管风险的敏感预测指标,更是连接尿毒症微炎症状态与心血管损害的“病理枢纽”。其升高反映了“促炎–抑修复”的免疫失衡核心机制,整合了传统风险因素未能捕捉的全身应激状态,为风险分层提供了全局性视角。

未来研究应超越相关性验证,聚焦机制探索(如特定免疫细胞亚群和NETs的作用)和临床转化。关键在于建立动态监测体系,定义有预警价值的波动阈值,并开展以NLR/PLR为指导的干预性研究(如靶向抗炎治疗、营养运动方案),验证其作为可操作治疗靶点的价值,最终实现MHD心血管并发症的精准防控。需要更加大规模、多中心、前瞻性研究,来探索NLR和PLR在不同心血管疾病亚型中的作用。以及NLR和PLR与其他新型生物标志物的联合应用。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Grubbs, V., Vittinghoff, E., Beck, J.D., Kshirsagar, A.V., Wang, W., Griswold, M.E., et al. (2015) Association between Periodontal Disease and Kidney Function Decline in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study. Journal of Periodontology, 86, 1126-1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration (2017) Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet (London), 395. 709-733.
[3] Zhou, M., Wang, H., Zhu, J., Chen, W., Wang, L., Liu, S., et al. (2016) Cause-Specific Mortality for 240 Causes in China during 1990-2013: A Systematic Subnational Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, 387, 251-272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Foreman, K.J., Marquez, N., Dolgert, A., Fukutaki, K., Fullman, N., McGaughey, M., et al. (2018) Forecasting Life Expectancy, Years of Life Lost, and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality for 250 Causes of Death: Reference and Alternative Scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 Countries and Territories. The Lancet, 392, 2052-2090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Wahl, P., Ducasa, G.M. and Fornoni, A. (2016) Systemic and Renal Lipids in Kidney Disease Development and Progression. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 310, F433-F445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Morimatsu, M., Ono, K. and Harada, A. (2021) Severe Asterixis Due to Hypermagnesemia in Chronic Renal Failure: A Case Report. Neurological Sciences, 42, 2539-2542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Jafar, T.H., Nitsch, D., Neuen, B.L. and Perkovic, V. (2021) Chronic Kidney Disease. The Lancet, 398, 786-802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Guo, M., St. Pierre, E., Clemence, J., Wu, X., Tang, P., Romano, M., et al. (2021) Impact of Chronic Renal Failure on Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Infective Endocarditis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 111, 828-835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] de Rooij, E.N.M., Meuleman, Y., de Fijter, J.W., Jager, K.J., Chesnaye, N.C., Evans, M., et al. (2022) Symptom Burden before and after Dialysis Initiation in Older Patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 17, 1719-1729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Ng, C.H., Ong, Z.H., Sran, H.K. and Wee, T.B. (2020) Comparison of Cardiovascular Mortality in Hemodialysis versus Peritoneal Dialysis. International Urology and Nephrology, 53, 1363-1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Tonelli, M., Wiebe, N., Culleton, B., House, A., Rabbat, C., Fok, M., et al. (2006) Chronic Kidney Disease and Mortality Risk: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 17, 2034-2047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Cozzolino, M., Mangano, M., Stucchi, A., Ciceri, P., Conte, F. and Galassi, A. (2018) Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 33, iii28-iii34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Cobo, G., Lindholm, B. and Stenvinkel, P. (2018) Chronic Inflammation in End-Stage Renal Disease and Dialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 33, iii35-iii40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] He, Y., Yang, C., Wang, P., Yang, L., Wu, H., Liu, H., et al. (2019) Child Compound Endothelium Corneum Attenuates Gastrointestinal Dysmotility through Regulating the Homeostasis of Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Functional Dyspepsia Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 240, Article 111953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Miwa, H., Oshima, T., Tomita, T., Fukui, H., Kondo, T., Yamasaki, T., et al. (2019) Recent Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Functional Dyspepsia: Role of the Duodenum as the Pathogenic Center. Journal of Gastroenterology, 54, 305-311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Matsushita, K., Ballew, S.H., Wang, A.Y., Kalyesubula, R., Schaeffner, E. and Agarwal, R. (2022) Epidemiology and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Populations with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 18, 696-707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Neven, E., Corremans, R., Vervaet, B.A., Funk, F., Walpen, S., Behets, G.J., et al. (2020) Renoprotective Effects of Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide in a Rat Model of Chronic Renal Failure. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35, 1689-1699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] 王景福. 维持性血液透析患者的微炎症状态[J]. 承德医学院学报, 2011, 28(2): 197-199.
[19] Thysen, B., Gatz, M., Freeman, R., Alpert, B.E. and Charytan, C. (1983) Serum Thyroid Hormone Levels in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Regular Hemodialysis. Nephron, 33, 49-52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Brys, A.D.H., Di Stasio, E., Lenaert, B., Sanguinetti, M., Picca, A., Calvani, R., et al. (2020) Serum Interleukin-6 and Endotoxin Levels and Their Relationship with Fatigue and Depressive Symptoms in Patients on Chronic Haemodialysis. Cytokine, 125, Article 154823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] 何家燕, 廖琳, 唐金城, 等. 血小板/淋巴细胞比值、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与慢性肾脏病关系的研究进展[J]. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2019, 19(3): 214-218.
[22] Tucker, P.S., Scanlan, A.T. and Dalbo, V.J. (2015) Chronic Kidney Disease Influences Multiple Systems: Describing the Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Kidney Damage, and Concomitant Disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015, 1-8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Vianna, H.R., Soares, C.M.B.M., Tavares, M.S., et al. (2011) Inflamação na doença renal crônica: Papel de citocinas. Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia, 33, 351-364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Valga, F., Monzón, T., Vega-Diaz, N., Rodriguez-Perez, J.C. and Ruiz-Santana, S. (2022) Inflammation and Hemodialysis Adequacy: Are C-Reactive Protein Levels Influenced by the Dose of Dialysis? Nefrología (English Edition), 42, 163-170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Turkmen, K., Guney, I., Yerlikaya, F.H. and Tonbul, H.Z. (2012) The Relationship between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Inflammation in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Renal Failure, 34, 155-159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Malhotra, R., Marcelli, D., von Gersdorff, G., Grassmann, A., Schaller, M., Bayh, I., et al. (2015) Relationship of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Serum Albumin Levels with C-Reactive Protein in Hemodialysis Patients: Results from 2 International Cohort Studies. Nephron, 130, 263-270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] 张国娟, 黄雯, 陈燊. 中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值在评价慢性肾脏病患者炎症状态中的作用[J]. 中国血液净化, 2015, 14(8): 482-485.
[28] 孙杨杨, 鄢艳, 邹梦林. 维持性血液透析患者发生感染相关住院的临床特征和危险因素分析[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志, 2020, 36(6): 435-440.
[29] 于黔, 李晓颖, 吴欣, 等. 维持性血液透析患者并发感染的影响因素及预后调查[J]. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2019, 19(3): 170-175.
[30] Posul, E., Yilmaz, B., Aktas, G. and Kurt, M. (2015) Does Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Predict Active Ulcerative Colitis? Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 127, 262-265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] 邓小玉, 王颖熠, 党倩倩, 等. 治疗前淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值对结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者预后的影响[J]. 中国实验血液学杂志, 2023, 31(3): 707-713.
[32] Uygur, F., Tanriverdi, H., Aktop, Z., Erboy, F., Altinsoy, B., Damar, M., et al. (2016) The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome and Its Relationship with Cardiovascular Disease. Heart & Lung, 45, 121-125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] 邱乐, 刘奇志. 中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值在心血管疾病中作用的研究进展[J]. 中国全科医学, 2020, 23(12): 1559-1565.
[34] Suh, J., Jung, J.H., Jeong, C.W., Kwak, C., Kim, H.H. and Ku, J.H. (2019) Clinical Significance of Pre-Treated Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in the Management of Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 9, Article 1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] 周昳欣, 郝吉庆. 外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值评估小细胞肺癌患者预后的价值[J]. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2017, 21(8): 827-829+834.
[36] 刘建峰, 武艺, 华琦, 等. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与原发性高血压患者早期肾功能损害的相关性分析[J]. 山西医科大学学报, 2015, 46(9): 914-919.
[37] Azab, B., Daoud, J., Naeem, F.B., Nasr, R., Ross, J., Ghimire, P., et al. (2012) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Worsening Renal Function in Diabetic Patients (3-Year Follow-Up Study). Renal Failure, 34, 571-576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Afsar, B. (2014) The Relationship between Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio with Urinary Protein Albumin Excretion in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 347, 217-220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Ciray, H., Aksoy, A.H., Ulu, N., Cizmecioglu, A., Gaipov, A. and Solak, Y. (2015) Nephropathy, but Not Angiographically Proven Retinopathy, Is Associated with Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 123, 267-271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] 蔡娟. IL-18及中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值在ANCA相关性血管炎中的作用及意义[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 重庆: 第三军医大学, 2016.
[41] Yilmaz, H., Bozkurt, A., Cakmak, M., Celik, H.T., Bilgic, M.A., Bavbek, N., et al. (2014) Relationship between Late Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) Stenosis and Neutrophil-lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Renal Failure, 36, 1390-1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Qin, B., Ma, N., Tang, Q., Wei, T., Yang, M., Fu, H., et al. (2016) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) Were Useful Markers in Assessment of Inflammatory Response and Disease Activity in SLE Patients. Modern Rheumatology, 26, 372-376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Li, L., Xia, Y., Chen, C., et al. (2015) Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8, 11026-11031.
[44] Wu, Y., Chen, Y., Yang, X., Chen, L. and Yang, Y. (2016) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) Were Associated with Disease Activity in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. International Immunopharmacology, 36, 94-99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Kim, H.A., Jung, J.Y. and Suh, C.H. (2017) Usefulness of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Biomarker for Diagnosing Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clinical Rheumatology, 36, 2479-2485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] 赏石丽, 陈靖珊, 孙紫娟, 等. 糖尿病肾脏疾病患者红细胞分布宽度标准差及血小板/淋巴细胞比值与左心室肥厚的相关性研究[J]. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2022, 22(2): 106-112.
[47] Zheng, C.F., Liu, W.Y., Zeng, F.F., Zheng, M., Shi, H., Zhou, Y., et al. (2017) Prognostic Value of Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratios among Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury. Critical Care, 21, Article No. 238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Bołtuć, K., Bociek, A., Dziugieł, R., Bociek, M., Zapolski, T., Dąbrowski, W., et al. (2020) Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Reflects Myocardial Inhomogeneities in Hemodialyzed Patients. Mediators of Inflammation, 2020, 1-6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Bal, Z., Bal, U., Okyay, K., Yilmaz, M., Balcioglu, S., Turgay, O., et al. (2015) Hematological Parameters Can Predict the Extent of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. International Urology and Nephrology, 47, 1719-1725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Ureña-Torres, P., D’Marco, L., Raggi, P., García-Moll, X., Brandenburg, V., Mazzaferro, S., et al. (2020) Valvular Heart Disease and Calcification in CKD: More Common than Appreciated. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35, 2046-2053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Demirtas, L., Turkmen, K., Buyuklu, M., Kocyigit, I. and Orscelik, O. (2016) Atrial Electromechanical Delay and Left Atrial Mechanical Functions in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. International Urology and Nephrology, 48, 781-789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] 王雪荣. 慢性肾脏病患者冠状动脉钙化与心血管事件、死亡临床相关性研究及Meta分析[D]: [博士学位论文]. 合肥: 安徽医科大学, 2019.
[53] An, X., Mao, H.P., Wei, X., Chen, J., Yang, X., Li, Z., et al. (2012) Elevated Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Overall and Cardiovascular Mortality in Maintenance Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. International Urology and Nephrology, 44, 1521-1528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] 陈婷. 多项血细胞与生化指标对维持性血液透析患者合并慢性心力衰竭的临床价值研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2023.
[55] Curran, F.M., Bhalraam, U., Mohan, M., Singh, J.S., Anker, S.D., Dickstein, K., et al. (2021) Neutrophil‐to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Outcomes in Patients with New‐Onset or Worsening Heart Failure with Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction. ESC Heart Failure, 8, 3168-3179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[56] 马贤玉. NLR、CAR、IL-6与维持性血液透析患者合并心力衰竭的相关性研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 锦州: 锦州医科大学, 2024.
[57] 黄建槐, 陈安珉, 陈蕴, 等. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值、血尿酸与维持性血液透析患者心血管事件的关系[J]. 徐州医科大学学报, 2023, 43(5): 313-318.
[58] Solak, Y., Yilmaz, M.I., Sonmez, A., Saglam, M., Cakir, E., Unal, H.U., et al. (2013) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Independently Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 17, 532-540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Lano, G., Sallée, M., Pelletier, M., Bataille, S., Fraisse, M., McKay, N., et al. (2022) Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratio Correlates with the Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate and Predicts the Risk of Death in Patients on Hemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37, 2528-2537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Zhu, X.J., Li, G.Q., Li, S.J., et al. (2020) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Red Blood Cell Distribution Width-to-Platelet Ratio Predict Cardiovascular Events in Hemodialysis Patients. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 1105-1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] 周亮亮, 张凤芹. 慢性肾功能衰竭患者连续性血液透析治疗后2年内死亡的危险因素及列线图预测模型的构建[J]. 广西医学, 2023, 45(12): 1432-1438.
[62] Li, B., Hu, X., Pan, H., Xiao, Y., Dong, J., Bao, Y., et al. (2022) Cardiac Valve Calcification Prevalence and Association with Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3-5. Bratislava Medical Journal, 123, 523-527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2005) Recent Advances in Understanding the Malnutrition-Inflammation-Cachexia Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: What Is Next? Seminars in Dialysis, 18, 365-369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] 叶玲, 祝胜郎, 陈结慧, 等. 中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值在预测维持性血液透析患者生存预后中的价值[J]. 中国医药导报, 2012, 9(26): 48-50.
[65] Neuen, B.L., Leather, N., Greenwood, A.M., Gunnarsson, R., Cho, Y. and Mantha, M.L. (2016) Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients. Renal Failure, 38, 70-76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[66] Ao, G., Wang, Y., Qi, X., Wang, F. and Wen, H. (2020) Association of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Risk of Cardiovascular or All-Cause Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 25, 157-165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] 于平. PLR与维持性血液透析患者主动脉弓钙化的相关性研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 大连: 大连医科大学, 2022.
[68] 王云丹, 蒋卫杰. hs-CRP、NLR、PLR 与维持性血液透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化的相关性[J]. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2020, 20(2): 109-113.
[69] Zeng, M., Liu, Y., Liu, F., Peng, Y., Sun, L. and Xiao, L. (2020) J-Shaped Association of Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with 5-Year Mortality among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Prospective Cohort Study. International Urology and Nephrology, 52, 1943-1957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[70] 卜希, 刘沧桑. 维持性血液透析患者血小板/淋巴细胞比值与左心室肥厚的相关性研究[J]. 临床医药实践, 2023, 32(10): 733-737.
[71] 王聪秀. 血小板/淋巴细胞比值与维持性血液透析患者心血管事件的相关性研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 广州: 暨南大学, 2023.
[72] Chen, S.C., Lee, M.Y., Huang, J.C., et al. (2016) Platelet to Lymphocyte Percentage Ratio Is Associated with Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Hemodialysis. Medicine, 95, e2727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[73] Reddan, D.N., Klassen, P.S., Szczech, L.A., Coladonato, J.A., O’Shea, S., Owen, W.F., et al. (2003) White Blood Cells as a Novel Mortality Predictor in Haemodialysis Patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 18, 1167-1173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[74] Yaprak, M., Turan, M.N., Dayanan, R., Akın, S., Değirmen, E., Yıldırım, M., et al. (2016) Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Mortality Better Than Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Hemodialysis Patients. International Urology and Nephrology, 48, 1343-1348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[75] 于源, 张东伟, 李辉. PLR、PTH及CRP与老年维持性血液透析患者全因及心血管事件死亡的关系[J]. 分子诊断与治疗杂志, 2023, 15(8): 1353-1356+1361.
[76] Xu, L.C., Zhou, F.F., Li, M., et al. (2021) Predictive Value of Peripheral Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on Patient Survival with Peritoneal Dialysis. Clinical Laboratory, 67, 2099-2105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[77] Liu, S.Y., Yang, M., Zhao, Q., et al. (2021) Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated with the Mortality in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 15, 206-212.
[78] Lim, H.J., Seo, M.S., Shim, J.Y., et al. (2015) The Association between Platelet Count and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. Platelets, 26, 758-763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[79] Mestas, J. and Ley, K. (2008) Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions in the Development of Atherosclerosis. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 18, 228-232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[80] Sayarlioglu, H., Erkoc, R., Demir, C., Dogan, E., Sayarlioglu, M., Oner, A.F., et al. (2006) Nutritional Status and Immune Functions in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Mediators of Inflammation, 2006, Article 20264.
[81] 关庆宇. 血小板/淋巴细胞比值在腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎中的临床应用研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 武汉: 江汉大学, 2023.
[82] Yuan, Q., Wang, J., Peng, Z., Zhou, Q., Xiao, X., Xie, Y., et al. (2019) Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Incident End-Stage Renal Disease in Chinese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease (C-STRIDE). Journal of Translational Medicine, 17, Article No. 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[83] 万俊辉. 单核细胞计数与高密度脂蛋白比值与血液透析患者心血管死亡的研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 南昌: 南昌大学, 2021.
[84] 陈蕴, 汤静, 陈安珉, 等. 中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比值、血小板淋巴细胞比值与血液透析患者血管内皮功能及左室肥厚的相关性研究[J]. 徐州医科大学学报, 2023, 43(6): 439-446.
[85] Diaz-Ricart, M., Torramade-Moix, S., Pascual, G., Palomo, M., Castaño, A.B., Martinez-Sanchez, J., et al. (2020) Endothelial Damage, Inflammation and Immunity in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins, 12, Article 361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[86] 燕涵, 孙东. 非透析慢性肾脏病患者的超敏C-反应蛋白水平和血红蛋白水平的相关性探究[J]. 徐州医科大学学报, 2019, 39(12): 899-901.
[87] Liakopoulos, V., Roumeliotis, S., Gorny, X., Dounousi, E. and Mertens, P.R. (2017) Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients: A Review of the Literature. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, Article 3081856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[88] Krautzig, S., Linnenweber, S., Schindler, R., Shaldon, S., Koch, K.M. and Lonnemann, G. (1996) New Indicators to Evaluate Bacteriological Quality of the Dialysis Fluid and the Associated Inflammatory Response in ESRD Patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 11, 87-91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[89] Wong, J., Vilar, E. and Farrington, K. (2015) Endotoxemia in End-Stage Kidney Disease. Seminars in Dialysis, 28, 59-67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[90] Benson, S., Engler, H., Wegner, A., Rebernik, L., Spreitzer, I., Schedlowski, M., et al. (2017) What Makes You Feel Sick after Inflammation? Predictors of Acute and Persisting Physical Sickness Symptoms Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 102, 141-151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[91] 司倩楠. 维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态与肾性贫血的相关性分析[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 新乡: 新乡医学院, 2020.
[92] 于俊生, 李建英, 刘先英. 慢性肾衰竭营养不良患者微炎症状态与中医辨证分型的关系[J]. 中国中西医结合肾病杂志, 2009(9): 802-804.
[93] 张楠. 单核细胞/高密度脂蛋白比值与血液透析患者心血管事件的相关性研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 重庆: 中国人民解放军海军军医大学, 2021.
[94] Kocyigit, I., Eroglu, E., Unal, A., et al. (2013) Role of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio in Prediction of Disease Progression in Patients with Stage-4 Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Nephrology, 26, 358-365.
[95] 丁忻, 史秀岩, 张庆红. 维持性血液透析患者NLR与心血管疾病关系分析[J]. 中国现代医生, 2022, 60(17): 11-14.
[96] Aoki, S., Osada, M., Kaneko, M., Ozaki, Y. and Yatomi, Y. (2007) Fluid Shear Stress Enhances the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Responses in Cell-Cell Interactions between Platelets and Endothelial Cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 358, 1054-1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[97] Sprague, A.H. and Khalil, R.A. (2009) Inflammatory Cytokines in Vascular Dysfunction and Vascular Disease. Biochemical Pharmacology, 78, 539-552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[98] Lindemann, S., Krämer, B., Seizer, P. and Gawaz, M. (2007) Platelets, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 5, 203-211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[99] 章凡, 王哲, 胡琨, 等. 血小板在炎症中的作用: 促血栓形成与免疫功能[J]. 中国临床药理学杂志, 2022, 38(17): 2089-2093.
[100] McFadyen, J.D. and Kaplan, Z.S. (2015) Platelets Are Not Just for Clots. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 29, 110-119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[101] Benameur, T., Osman, A., Parray, A., Ait Hssain, A., Munusamy, S. and Agouni, A. (2019) Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Microparticle-Mediated Cellular Injury in Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Diabetes. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, 1-23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[102] Seo, I.H. and Lee, Y.J. (2022) Usefulness of Complete Blood Count (CBC) to Assess Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Biomedicines, 10, Article 2697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[103] Tsai, S.F., Wu, M.J. and Chen, C.H. (2019) Low Serum C3 Level, High Neutrophil-Lymphocyte-Ratio, and High Platelet-Lymphocyte-Ratio All Predicted Poor Long-Term Renal Survivals in Biopsy-Confirmed Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Scientific Reports, 9, Article No. 6209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[104] Taymez, D.G., Ucar, E., Turkmen, K., Ucar, R., Afsar, B., Gaipov, A., et al. (2016) The Predictive Value of Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio in Hemodialysis Patients with Erythropoietin Resistance. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 20, 118-121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[105] Stellos, K., Seizer, P., Bigalke, B., Daub, K., Geisler, T. and Gawaz, M. (2010) Platelet Aggregates-Induced Human CD34+ Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Differentiation to Macrophages and Foam Cells Is Mediated by Stromal Cell Derived Factor 1 in Vitro. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 36, 139-145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[106] 蒋玲. 终末期肾病患者心脏瓣膜钙化的临床研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 南宁: 广西医科大学, 2021.
[107] Kotur-Stevuljevic, J., Simic-Ogrizovic, S., Dopsaj, V., Stefanovic, A., Vujovic, A., Ivanic-Corlomanovic, T., et al. (2012) A Hazardous Link between Malnutrition, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Renal Patients. Clinical Biochemistry, 45, 1202-1205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[108] Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Ikizler, T.A., Block, G., Avram, M.M. and Kopple, J.D. (2003) Malnutrition-Inflammation Complex Syndrome in Dialysis Patients: Causes and Consequences. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 42, 864-881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]