面对异化：萨特的个体抉择与马尔库塞的总体革命

Facing Alienation: Sartre’s Individual Choices and Marcuse’s Total Revolution

摘要: 本文以现代西方哲学中的异化问题为背景，对比分析了萨特与马尔库塞的异化理论及其解决路径。萨特从存在主义出发，强调个体通过自由选择与自我超越对抗异化；马尔库塞则基于社会批判理论，主张通过总体革命改变社会结构与需求模式，实现人与自然的双重解放。本文认为，在马尔库塞所揭示的“单向度”社会中，萨特式的个体抉择若缺乏对社会结构的整体批判，其反抗极易被体制所收编；而任何总体革命若不以个体的自由觉醒与道德承担为前提，则可能导向新的奴役。二者的理论并非简单互补，而是揭示了克服异化进程中个体性与社会性之间不可或缺的辩证张力。

Abstract: This paper explores the issue of alienation in modern Western philosophy by comparing the theories of Jean-Paul Sartre and Herbert Marcuse. Sartre, from an existentialist perspective, emphasizes the role of individual freedom and choice in overcoming alienation. In contrast, Marcuse, grounded in critical social theory, argues for a total revolution to transform social structures and patterns of need, aiming to achieve the liberation of both humans and nature. This paper contends that within the “one-dimensional society” revealed by Marcuse, Sartre-style individual choice, if devoid of a critique of social totality, risks being co-opted by the system. Conversely, any total revolution that does not premise itself on individual awakening and ethical commitment may lead to new forms of domination. Thus, their theories do not merely complement each other but reveal an essential dialectical tension between individuality and sociality in the process of transcending alienation.