性别视角下的抑郁症症状差异及机制研究进展
Research Progress on Symptom Differences and Mechanisms of Depression from a Gender Perspective
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15102763, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 张 浩, 董 楷, 诸葛夫豪:济宁医学院精神卫生学院,山东 济宁;刘传新*:济宁医学院,山东 济宁
关键词: 抑郁症性别差异机制Depression Gender Differences Mechanisms
摘要: 抑郁症是最常见的情绪障碍之一,其发病率和患病率在女性中显著高于男性,且临床症状呈现明显的性别差异,凸显了性别化诊断与治疗的重要性。本综述系统探讨了近年在情感症状、生理症状、认知行为差异及共病模式方面的研究进展,结合可能的生物、心理和社会机制,旨在为临床精准诊断和个性化干预提供科学依据。
Abstract: Depression is one of the most common emotional disorders, with a significantly higher incidence and prevalence among women compared to men. Clinical symptoms often exhibit notable gender differences, highlighting the importance of gender-sensitive diagnosis and treatment. This review systematically examines recent research advancements in emotional symptoms, physiological symptoms, cognitive-behavioral differences, and comorbidity patterns. By integrating potential biological, psychological, and social mechanisms, it aims to provide a scientific basis for precise clinical diagnosis and personalized interventions.
文章引用:张浩, 董楷, 诸葛夫豪, 刘传新. 性别视角下的抑郁症症状差异及机制研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(10): 345-350. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15102763

1. 引言

抑郁症(Depressive disorder)是一种常见的情绪障碍,其临床表现多样,其主要症状可归纳为情感症状、躯体症状和认知行为症状三个维度[1]。1990~2021年中国人群抑郁症的发病人数、患病人数、发病率和患病率均呈逐年上升趋势,女性的抑郁症发病率和患病率持续高于男性,显示出明显的性别差异[2]。在全球范围内,不同国家和地区的流行病学调查结果普遍显示,女性的抑郁症患病率和疾病严重程度均显著高于男性[3],根据世界卫生组织(WHO) 2023年的统计数据显示,女性抑郁症的发病率约比男性高出50%左右[4]。这一性别差异在特定生理阶段表现尤为显著,尤其是在妊娠期、围产期以及产后阶段,女性的抑郁症患病率大约是男性的两倍[5],然而,这种差异不仅体现在患病风险上,更深刻地反映在疾病的临床症状表现上。抑郁症的临床症状呈现出广泛的多样性[6],传统上,基于统一标准的诊断方法可能无法充分反映性别在临床症状上的差异[7]。本综述旨在系统梳理抑郁症在临床症状方面的性别差异,整合现有证据以探讨其背后的多维机制,进而为临床诊断及针对性干预提供支持,同时阐明这些研究对临床实践的深远意义。

2. 抑郁症临床症状的性别差异

2.1. 情感与情绪调节的性别特异性:内化与外化模型

抑郁症最核心的症状为情感症状,在情感症状表现中存在明显的性别差异,通常可以用“内化–外化模型”来解释。

女性的内化模式:女性患者更倾向于报告典型的、向内指向的情感症状。这些症状包括显著的悲伤、频繁的哭泣、过度的内疚感、无价值感以及强烈的焦虑体验[8]。这些情感反应往往受到社会压力的影响,例如家庭角色的期待和责任感,这种社会文化背景可能导致女性在面对心理困扰时更容易表现出抑郁症状[9]

男性的外化模式:男性患者的情感痛苦则更可能通过外化情感症状表现出来,而非直接的情感倾诉。这包括易激惹、愤怒爆发、敌意、冲动控制能力下降、指责他人、慢性愤怒、自毁行为或物质滥用,这些外化症状可能增加自杀观念和自杀行为的风险[10] [11]。这些往往被社会规范鼓励“外化”而非内化的抑郁表现常被误解为性格问题或压力反应,导致其抑郁核心被掩盖,可能会导致男性抑郁症患者的误诊率、漏诊率高[11],这也许是女性抑郁症患者诊断率高于男性抑郁症患者的原因之一。

2.2. 生理–自主神经症状的差异:典型与非典型模式

在构成诊断标准的生理症状(或称植物神经症状)上,两性表现出“典型”与“非典型”的倾向性差异。

女性更倾向于“非典型”特征:这组症状在女性中发生的比例更高,主要包括食欲亢进,尤其是对碳水化合物的强烈渴求,常常伴随体重的显著增加。此外,女性患者还可能经历睡眠过多的情况,即虽然睡眠时间显著延长,但并未感到任何恢复感。这种状况常常伴随有铅样麻痹的表现,患者会感到四肢沉重、乏力,难以进行日常活动。这些症状不仅影响了女性的身体健康,也对其心理状态造成了负面影响,进一步加重了抑郁症的症状[12]。同时,女性患者也更频繁地诉说各类躯体化症状,例如头痛、腹痛以及慢性疼痛等。这些躯体化症状往往成为她们在就医时的首诊主诉[13],反映出她们在情感困扰时可能以身体不适的形式表达内心的痛苦。这种现象不仅使得女性患者的心理问题更难以被及时识别和有效治疗,也可能导致不必要的医疗干预。

男性更符合“典型”或“忧郁”特征:在男性患者中,精神运动性激越或迟滞的表现通常更加明显。此外,生理症状往往更倾向于表现为典型的抑郁症状,包括食欲减退、体重减轻以及失眠。尤其是失眠,常常表现为难以入睡、睡眠中断或早醒等情况[14]。这些症状不仅影响了男性患者的日常生活和工作效率,还可能导致情绪的进一步恶化,了解男性抑郁症的独特表现形式,有助于制定更有效的治疗方案,以应对他们特有的心理和生理需求。

2.3. 认知行为表现与共病模式的差异性

在认知层面上,女性更容易出现反刍思维,表现为对负性情绪和事件的反复、被动思考。这种思维模式被认为是维持和加重抑郁心境的关键心理机制。反刍思维不仅使得负面情绪得以持续存在,还可能导致情绪的恶化和心理状态的进一步衰退[15]。而部分男性患者可能表现出难以识别和表达自身情绪的特征,这种情感表达的困难往往源于社会文化因素,这使得他们在面对内心困扰时,往往选择压抑情感,而非寻求支持或倾诉[16]

作为内在痛苦的外在行为反映,抑郁症的行为模式和共病谱系也存在显著性别差异。男性的行为障碍与共病:为应对或麻痹内心的痛苦,男性患者更容易出现物质滥用,尤其是酒精依赖、危险驾驶及赌博等冲动行为,这些行为往往被视为逃避情感困扰的方式,男性患者可能通过这些冲动行为来寻求短暂的解脱或刺激。这样的共病谱更倾向于物质成瘾和冲动行为障碍,进一步复杂化了他们的心理健康状况。[17]

女性的求助行为与共病:女性虽然在抑郁体验上常常感到更为痛苦,但她们通常表现出更高的求助行为倾向,愿意积极寻求医疗和心理支持,这种倾向可能与女性在社会文化中更被鼓励表达情感和寻求帮助有关[18]。女性患者的共病谱往往更集中于各类焦虑障碍,如广泛性焦虑障碍和惊恐障碍,以及进食障碍,这些共病情况可能与女性在情感表达和应对压力方面的特点有关[19]

3. 差异背后的多维机制探讨

抑郁症临床表型的性别差异是生物–心理–社会因素复杂交互的结果。

生物学因素在抑郁症性别差异中起着重要作用,特别是性激素(如雌激素、孕酮和睾酮)的水平波动及其对神经递质系统(如5-羟色胺、多巴胺)的调节作用[20]。此外,应激反应系统(HPA轴)的性别差异和遗传易感性也在抑郁症的性别差异中扮演了重要角色[21]

心理社会因素在抑郁症性别差异中起着重要作用,特别是性别角色的社会化如何塑造情绪表达规范和应对策略,社会文化通常鼓励女性表达脆弱和寻求帮助,这使得女性更倾向于分享情感和寻求心理支持,这样的行为可以促进情感的处理,但也可能导致反刍思维的增加。相反,男性则被期待表现出坚强和自我控制,这导致他们往往压抑情感,难以表达内心的痛苦[22]

认知模式在抑郁症性别差异中也扮演着重要角色,特别是在对压力源的敏感性方面,女性通常在人际关系中表现出更高的敏感度,容易受到人际冲突、社交支持不足和情感关系的影响,男性往往对与成就和地位相关的压力源更为敏感,例如职业压力、经济责任和社会地位的维护,这种关注可能促使他们在面对失败或压力时,采取回避或冲动的应对方式[23]

4. 前景与展望

对抑郁症临床表现性别差异的认识,对临床诊断和治疗具有重要的指导意义,在诊断层面,临床医生需警惕男性抑郁症的非典型“外化”表现,如愤怒或物质滥用,这可能掩盖核心抑郁症状,导致漏诊或误诊,因此,应采用更具性别敏感性的筛查和评估方法,关注男性患者的情绪状态和应对行为,以确保准确诊断[24],如Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS)自评量表被验证为有效的筛查工具,尤其适用于识别传统抑郁量表可能遗漏的男性特异症状[25],同时有足够的证据证明Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS)自评量表在男性抑郁筛查中优于PHQ-9 [26]。在治疗层面,治疗策略应实现个性化和性别敏感化,例如,针对女性患者可侧重于处理反刍思维和人际关系议题[27],现有研究表明,人际关系治疗(Interpersonal Psychotherapy, IPT)已被证实适用于女性抑郁症患者,特别是那些伴随人际关系问题的个体,尤其在孕产妇群体中有更好的疗效[28];而针对男性患者,可能需要先关注行为问题(如饮酒),同时提供相应的心理治疗,逐步引导他们识别和表达内在情绪[29] [30]

现有研究表明,女性对选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)类抗抑郁药的治疗反应通常优于男性,尤其在治疗抵抗性抑郁(TRD)中,女性采用抗抑郁药联合第二代抗精神病药的增强策略时,临床改善更为显著[31]。然而,部分研究显示,在常规抗抑郁药治疗中,性别差异并不明显,仅见女性血浆三环类抗抑郁药浓度较高[32]。虽然目前在临床实践中,抑郁症患者的性别差异已被广泛认可,临床试验中女性参与率高,但性别亚组分析不足,导致证据不一致;缺乏针对激素波动(如围产期、产后期及绝经期)与药物代谢互动的纵向研究;以及对男性特异性反应的机制探讨不足[33],未来需更多随机对照试验予以填补。

未来的研究需进一步阐明性别差异背后的神经生物学机制,以为制定更具性别特异性的精准治疗方案提供科学依据包括探索性激素、神经递质系统和应激反应的作用,帮助理解不同性别在抑郁症表现和治疗反应上的差异,从而优化干预策略。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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