复发转移性鼻咽癌的综合治疗进展
Advances in Comprehensive Treatment of Recurrent and Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15102789, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 周 艳:吉首大学医学院,湖南 吉首;熊 莉*:吉首大学第一附属医院肿瘤科(湘西自治州人民医院),湖南 吉首
关键词: 鼻咽癌放化疗靶向治疗免疫治疗局部治疗维持治疗Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Chemoradiotherapy Targeted Therapy Immunotherapy Local Therapy Maintenance Therapy
摘要: 鼻咽癌是有着明显地域性的恶性头颈部肿瘤,主要分布于中国两广地区,广东和广西。远处转移和局部复发是鼻咽癌治疗失败的主要原因,早期鼻咽癌主要以根治性放疗治疗为主,而晚期主要以综合治疗为主,着重于个体化治疗。近年来,随着免疫治疗及靶向治疗取得了突破性成就,晚期鼻咽癌的治疗方案也有所变化。本文就同步放化疗,免疫治疗,靶向治疗,局部治疗,维持治疗五方面进行简要概述。
Abstract: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly regional malignant head and neck tumor, predominantly endemic to Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in southern China. Distant metastasis and locoregional relapse remain the principal causes of treatment failure. Early-stage NPC is managed primarily with radical radiotherapy, whereas advanced disease is treated with comprehensive treatment, focusing on the individualized therapy. Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy and targeted agents have reshaped therapeutic strategies for late-stage NPC. This review provides a concise update on five key modalities: concurrent chemoradiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, locoregional treatment, and maintenance therapy.
文章引用:周艳, 熊莉. 复发转移性鼻咽癌的综合治疗进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(10): 550-554. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15102789

1. 前言

鼻咽癌是最常见的头颈部恶性肿瘤之一,鼻咽癌的发展与EBV病毒感染密切相关,约70%的鼻咽癌患者会发生进展或转移,且约有4%~6%的初诊患者即已发生转移,故尽管近年来免疫治疗及靶向治疗有了新进展,但晚期鼻咽癌的治疗仍是一个巨大难题。本文从晚期鼻咽癌的综合治疗进展进行概述。

2. 同步放化疗

放疗一直是头颈部肿瘤治疗的基石,随着技术进步我们从传统的二维放疗技术发展到现在广泛运用的调强放疗技术、螺旋断层放疗技术、容积旋转调强放疗,近年来质子放疗、重离子放疗也在不断探索中[1] [2]。与调强放疗相比,粒子束放疗的剂量学优势能够延缓总生存期且减少复发/转移性鼻咽癌毒副作用的发生,但其远期临床疗效仍需进一步研究[3] [4]。再程放疗对于不能耐受手术的复发鼻咽癌有着不可替代的作用,而晚期复发鼻咽癌患者不能耐受高剂量的放疗引起的毒性反应,因此再程放疗的剂量分割方案是至关重要的。中国广州开展的一项144例局部晚期复发鼻咽癌的III期临床试验[5],证实了超分割放疗与标准分割放疗相比,更能够在维持肿瘤生物效应剂量下降低晚期毒性反应发生率(34% vs 57%, P = 0.023)和延缓3年总生存期[74.6% (95% CI: 64.4%~84.8%) vs 55.0% (95% CI: 44.3%~66.6%), HR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.33~0.88), P = 0.014],期待更多的III期临床研究来证实。

全身姑息性化疗以铂类为基础的化疗方案被公认为是复发转移性鼻咽癌的一线化疗方案。2016年一项多中心、随机、开放标签的3期试验[6]证实GP (吉西他滨联合顺铂)方案比PF (氟尿嘧啶联合顺铂)方案更能延长无进展生存期(7.0月vs 5.6月),Hong等[7]也证实GP比PF更能延长中位总生存期(22.1月vs 18.6月),因此GP方案是目前复发转移性鼻咽癌首选的一线化疗方案。而对于一线化疗失败的患者,可选用单药化疗作为二线治疗,三线可选用单药免疫治疗(对于既往未使用过免疫治疗的患者),并且CSCO指南建议一线治疗失败的患者可以参与新药临床研究。

3. 免疫治疗

免疫治疗因其副作用少,延长生存期给不能耐受手术、复发或转移的肿瘤患者提供一种新的治疗方案。肿瘤免疫治疗主要包括疫苗接种、过继细胞治疗和免疫检查点阻断等[8]

Guo等[9]研究表明EBV-DNA表达量较高的复发转移性鼻咽癌患者总生存率往往较差,监测EBV-DNA水平有助于风险分层从而提供精准的治疗方案。

目前,鼻咽癌患者的免疫治疗主要为检查点抑制剂。免疫检查点抑制剂通过调节T细胞活性来杀伤肿瘤细胞、避免肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸从而延长患者的生存期,主要为程序性细胞死亡受体1 (PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1 (PD-L1)以及CTLA-4抑制剂,其中PD-1联合GP (吉他西滨 + 顺铂)已作为复发转移性鼻咽癌的一线治疗方案[9]。截至为止已开展了一系列临床试验研究PD-1抑制剂联合GP方案的治疗效果,如2021年CAPTAIN-1st研究[10]表明卡瑞利珠单抗联合GP与安慰剂联合化疗相比,能够延长无进展生存期(9.7月vs 6.9月),中位DOR更长(9月vs 6月);2022年JUPITER-02 [11]研究证实特瑞利珠单抗联合GP的PFS显著长于安慰剂组,且DoR明显更长(10.8个月对5.7个月);2023年RATIONALE-309研究[12]证实替雷利珠单抗联合GP与安慰剂联合化疗相比能够延长无进展生存期(9.2月vs 7.4月),缓解持续时间(DoR)更长(10.6月vs 6.2月),ORR (77.9% vs 67.4%)。KEYNOTE-122 [13]和KCSG HN17-11研究[14]中分别证实帕博利珠单抗及纳武利尤单抗有良好的抗肿瘤活性和安全性。

一项单臂II期试验(NCT03097939) [15],纳入40名化疗失败后复发/转移性EBV阳性鼻咽癌患者,联合使用伊匹单抗(CTLA-4抑制剂)和纳武利尤单抗有较好的临床疗效和安全性,因此,对于一线化疗失败且未使用过免疫药物的晚期患者,可选用双药免疫药物作为备选方案,但是有关CTLA-4抑制剂的临床试验较少,其临床疗效还有待更多研究证实。

4. 靶向治疗

靶向治疗是目前研究的热点,主要包括抗表皮生长因子受体抑制剂(西妥昔单抗/尼采珠单抗)、血管内皮细胞生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(阿帕替尼、安罗替尼等)。靶向治疗联合放化疗/化疗已被证实可改善总生存期[16] [17]。Jin等[18]一项II期试验结果表明GP方案联合恩度作为晚期鼻咽癌患者的一线治疗方案中位PFS为19.4个月,1年PFS率为69.8%,这项研究表明靶向治疗恩度可作为一线联合用药。相较于免疫治疗,靶向治疗多作为三线或三线以上联合用药。目前有临床试验验证了阿帕替尼[19]、安罗替尼[20]联合同步放化疗/化疗在复发或转移性鼻咽癌患者中展现出良好的抗肿瘤活性和安全性,此外,You R等[21]提出GAT方案(吉西他滨加阿帕替尼和特瑞普利单抗),研究结果表明三联方案可改善生存期、延长无进展期及降低毒性反应,但仍需进一步试验探索其联合免疫治疗疗效。近来,Jiang Y等[22]研究抗PD1再激发联合抗血管生成或抗EGFR方案治疗既往使用抗PD1治疗后进展为复发/转移性鼻咽癌患者,纳入45名患者分为联合治疗组和单独化疗组,结果显示联合用药组可延缓中位无进展生存期(mPFS) (7.9个月和4.4个月)。因此靶向治疗联合免疫治疗及化疗或许可为一线治疗失败的复发转移性鼻咽癌提供新治疗方案。

5. 局部治疗

近年来,随着手术和介入技术的进步,面对晚期鼻咽癌患者全身性化疗不仅仅是唯一治疗方式,推荐加入局部治疗。对于转移灶的处理,主要包括手术治疗、介入治疗(包括射频消融(RFA)、经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)等)和局部放疗等。2022年一项回顾性研究[23]证实了局部治疗的临床疗效,局部治疗能够改善转移性鼻咽癌患者的总生存期,尤其是转移至肝/肺。而对于已经发生骨转移患者,更推荐LRRT加全身化疗[24]

6. 维持治疗

维持治疗是指肿瘤在稳定情况下防止疾病进展和复发,目前国内外都推荐使用口服化疗药,因其在家就能接受治疗。2022年一项3期临床试验[25]证明卡培他滨维持治疗加最佳支持治疗(BSC)能够延长PFS (35.2个月vs 8.2个月),且安全性良好。2023年一项多中心、开放标签、随机对照研究[26]证实对于一线化疗反应好的复发转移性鼻咽癌患者,替加氟(S1)维持治疗(MT)能改善PFS和OS,安全性良好。一些临床试验已证实卡培他滨或替加氟(S1)作为维持治疗药物能显著改善PFS和OS [27]。因此,晚期鼻咽癌患者有必要进行维持治疗来延缓生存期。

7. 小结

晚期鼻咽癌的治疗模式主要是以综合治疗为主,强调个体化治疗。同步放化疗是目前治疗的主流选择,吉他西滨 + 顺铂方案是最常用的一线化疗方案,但随着免疫治疗和靶向治疗的进展迅速,其联合放化疗可为晚期鼻咽癌患者提供新的选择方案。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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