放牧在森林和草原防火工作中的应用：多维度效益与阈值争议分析

Application of Grazing in Wildfire Prevention Sector: Multi-Dimensional Benefits and Threshold Controversy Analysis

摘要: 全球森林和草原火灾频发，对自然资源、经济和生态环境构成重大威胁。传统火灾管理措施成本高、环境污染难以控制且面临人力短缺问题，亟需探索新的、可持续的防火方法。本文借鉴西方国家放牧研究成果，探讨定期放牧、轮牧和季节性放牧等方法在森林和草原防火工作中的应用潜力。研究发现，放牧通过控制植被生长和密度，减少可燃物载量，调节植被结构和含水率，降低火灾风险，同时提升生态系统功能。关于“适度放牧”的量化标准目前存在争议，不同区域和植被类型下的火险控制阈值难以统一。现有研究多依赖短期、小尺度实验，难以反映长期、大尺度放牧的累积效应。本文提出构建多维度加多尺度理论架构，涵盖火险控制、生态保护和社会经济三个维度，实现防火工作的有效性与经济性平衡。未来需加强跨学科研究，推动放牧与防火工作的融合，构建多层次防火体系，提升防火工作的多元化和有效性。

Abstract: Frequent forest and grassland fires pose significant threats to natural resources, the economy, and the ecological environment around the world. Traditional fire management measures are often expensive, environmentally harmful, and challenged by labor shortages, necessitating the exploration of new and sustainable fire prevention methods. Drawing on the available research findings on grazing from Western countries, this paper explores the potential application of regular grazing, rotational grazing, and seasonal grazing in forest and grassland fire prevention. The study finds that grazing can reduce fire risks by controlling vegetation growth and density, decreasing fuel load, and altering vegetation structure and moisture content, while also enhancing ecosystem functions. There is significant controversy over the quantification of “moderate grazing”, with fire risk control thresholds varying across regions and vegetation types. For instance, while low to moderate grazing significantly reduces fire risks in shrub-grassland ecosystems, it may exacerbate vegetation dryness and create a paradox of low grazing intensity and high fire risk in semi-arid grasslands in Inner Mongolia. Existing studies, mostly relying on short-term, small-scale field experiments, fail to reflect the cumulative effects of long-term, large-scale grazing on fire risks and ecosystems. This paper proposes a multi-dimensional and multi-scale theoretical framework that encompasses covering fire risk control, ecological protection, and socio-economic aspects, aiming to achieve a balance between the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of fire prevention work. Future research should strengthen interdisciplinary studies, promote the integration of grazing with fire prevention, and build a multi-level fire prevention system to enhance the diversification and effectiveness of fire prevention efforts.