预设否定副词“徒”的历时演变研究

A Study on the Chronological Evolution of the Presuppositional Negative Adverb “徒”

摘要: 以语法化理论与历时语料为基础，探讨动词“徒”从实词虚化为副词、再转变为预设否定副词的演变路径及机制。“徒”的虚化经历了从动词转变为形容词、副词，再由范围副词产生预设否定义的过程，其语法化机制主要包括隐喻投射、语用推理与语境吸收。从实到虚的过程中，“徒”通过空间域到属性域的隐喻，从“步行无辅助”引申出[+限制]的语义特征，发展出“只，仅仅”的限制义；又在特定语境中通过推理固化否定义，形成专职的预设否定副词。“徒”的虚化过程体现了认知机制与语言结构的协同作用，为汉语副词的演变研究提供新视角。

Abstract: This paper takes the Chinese adverb “徒” as the object of study, and combines grammaticalization theory with the chronological corpus to explore the evolution path and mechanism of its virtualization from a real word to an adverb. The virtualization of “徒” has gone through the process of transforming from a verb to an adjective and an adverb, and then from a scope adverb to a predefined negative meaning. The mechanism of its grammaticalization mainly includes metaphorical projection, pragmatic reasoning and contextual absorption. In the process from the real to the imaginary, “徒” derives the semantic feature of [+restriction] from “walk unaided” through the metaphor from spatial domain to attribute domain, and develops the semantic feature of “only”. It imposes restriction; furthermore, it eliminates the negation through reasoning within a specific context, thereby forming a full-time presuppositional negative adverb. This paper reveals the synergy between cognitive mechanism and linguistic structure in the process of “徒”’s virtualization, and provides a new perspective for the study of the evolution of Chinese adverbs.