浅析小说《活着》的语言特点及其俄译本的翻译方法

Analysis of the Linguistic Features of the Novel “To Live” and Its Translation Strategies in the Russian Version

摘要: 小说《活着》以主人公徐福贵屡遭磨难的生命历程为主线，深刻反映了20世纪中国社会的动荡与底层民众的生存困境。该小说内容极具文化独特性，在跨越巨大文化鸿沟的语言转换过程中，往往难以找到完全对应、贴切的表达方式。对此，本文将从词汇、句法、修辞三个方面分析《活着》的语言特点，分析其俄译本的翻译方法：音译加注释、直译、意译等，以期探讨如何在译出过程中最大限度实现一种“文化的功能对等”，为中国文学外译实践提供具象案例。

Abstract: The novel “To Live” centers on the repeatedly tragic life of the protagonist Xu Fugui, profoundly reflecting the social turbulence of 20th-century China and the survival struggles of the ordinary people. Given its strong cultural specificity, the work often poses significant challenges in finding fully equivalent and appropriate expressions when crossing vast linguistic and cultural divides. This paper examines the linguistic features of “To Live” from lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical perspectives, and analyzes the translation strategies adopted in its Russian version—such as transliteration with annotation, literal translation, and free translation—with the aim of exploring how to achieve a form of “functional equivalence in cultural transmission” during the translation process. The study intends to provide a concrete case reference for the practice of translating Chinese literature into foreign languages.