家校社协同视角下体育锻炼对留守儿童心理健康的多层中介机制研究

A Study on the Multi-Layered Mediating Mechanism of Physical Exercise on the Mental Health of Left-Behind Children from a Family-School-Community Collaborative Perspective

摘要: 在城镇化快速推进的背景下，留守儿童由于缺乏亲情，正面临显著的心理健康问题。体育锻炼作为一种积极的干预手段，其作用愈发受到重视。本研究从家庭、学校和社区协同合作的视角出发，系统性地探讨了体育锻炼对留守儿童心理健康影响的多层次中介机制。研究结果表明，体育锻炼通过三条中介路径实现心理干预：首先，通过“身体突破–认知重构”机制增强心理韧性，使留守儿童在面对运动挑战时形成抗逆力，并将这种能力迁移到日常生活中；其次，通过团队运动、社区参与和亲子共同练习，构建一个多维度的社会支持网络，从而缓解留守儿童的情感疏离和归属感缺失；第三，通过技能学习和目标实现提升自我效能感，形成“努力–能力”的积极认知模式。进一步构建的多层次中介模型揭示了心理韧性、社会支持和自我效能感之间存在交互强化效应，形成了“运动参与–心理资本积累–健康促进”的正向螺旋上升结构，凸显了家庭、学校和社区协同在激活中介效应中的核心作用。基于上述机制，本研究提出了优化策略，构建了一个由政府、学校、家庭和社区共同参与的心理健康促进体系。本研究为留守儿童心理健康干预提供了综合性的理论框架和实践路径，对于实施健康中国战略以及促进乡村儿童的发展具有重要的参考意义。

Abstract: Amidst rapid urbanization, left-behind children face significant mental health issues due to a lack of family affection. Physical exercise, as a proactive intervention, is gaining increasing attention. This study systematically explores the multi-level mediating mechanisms of the impact of physical exercise on the mental health of left-behind children from the perspective of collaborative efforts among families, schools, and communities. The results indicate that physical exercise contributes to psychological intervention through three mediating pathways: First, it enhances psychological resilience through a “physical breakthrough-cognitive reconstruction” mechanism, enabling left-behind children to develop resilience in the face of athletic challenges and transfer this resilience to their daily lives. Second, through team sports, community participation, and parent-child joint practice, it builds a multidimensional social support network, alleviating left-behind children’s emotional alienation and lack of belonging. Third, it enhances self-efficacy through skill learning and goal achievement, fostering a positive cognitive model of “effort-ability”. The constructed multi-level mediation model reveals a mutually reinforcing effect between psychological resilience, social support, and self-efficacy, forming a positive spiral of “exercise participation-psychological capital accumulation-health promotion”, highlighting the central role of collaborative efforts among families, schools, and communities in activating this mediating effect. Based on the above mechanisms, this study proposes optimization strategies and constructs a mental health promotion system involving the government, schools, families, and communities. This study provides a comprehensive theoretical framework and practical approaches for mental health intervention for left-behind children, which holds important implications for implementing the Healthy China strategy and promoting the development of rural children.