使辽宋臣记述的辽朝农牧业生产图景研究——以“使辽语录”和“使辽诗”为中心

Research on the Agricultural and Pastoral Production Landscape of the Liao Dynasty as Recorded by Song Envoys—Focusing on “Diplomatic Reports to Liao” and “Poems on Liao Missions”

摘要: 使辽宋臣是宋辽交聘中的关键群体，其记录与创作的使辽语录和使辽诗，是研究辽朝社会状况的重要史料。在使辽宋臣视野中，农牧业在驿路沿线均有分布，整体呈现“南农北牧”的格局。南京道农业发展程度高，与中原地区差别不大；燕山山地农牧交错，“耕种甚广，牛羊遍谷”；潢、土两河流域和大凌河流域，草原“插花田”遍布，但沙化迹象明显。宋使所见辽境的农作物有粟、黍、粱、荞、秫、稗、桑麻、西瓜、栗、梨等，牲畜有马、羊、牛、骆驼、豕等，具有多样性特点。移民和农业开发，推动了民族间的产业互补与居住互嵌，密切了各族人民的交往交流。

Abstract: Song envoys to Liao were a key group in Song-Liao diplomatic exchanges, and their records—including diplomatic reports and poems—serve as vital historical sources for studying Liao society1. These accounts depict a distinct “agriculture in the south, pastoralism in the north” pattern along the postal routes. The Nanjing Circuit exhibited advanced agricultural development comparable to Central Plains regions, while the Yanshan Mountains featured mixed farming and herding, described as “vast cultivated fields with cattle and sheep filling the valleys”. The Huangtu and Daling River basins displayed scattered “patchwork fields” amid grasslands, though desertification was evident. Crops observed by Song envoys included millet, broomcorn millet, sorghum, buckwheat, glutinous millet, barnyard grass, mulberry, hemp, watermelon, chestnuts, and pears. Livestock comprised horses, sheep, cattle, camels, and pigs, reflecting regional diversity. Immigration and agricultural expansion facilitated ethnic integration through shared livelihoods and settlements, strengthening intergroup exchanges.