船舶多重买卖中所有权归属的规则冲突与解释论重构

The Conflict of Rules and Reconstruction of Interpretive Theory Regarding the Ownership Attribution in Multiple Sales of Ships

摘要: 在《海商法》修订与《民法典》实施的背景下，船舶物权变动规则面临体系性调适的挑战。本文聚焦船舶多重买卖中所有权归属的规则冲突，以登记对抗主义下《最高人民法院关于审理买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释》第7条为研究对象，结合司法实践与学理争议，揭示“交付生效说”与“合意生效说”的理论分歧，分析善意第三人范围界定困境，并探讨善意取得制度在二重让与中的适用逻辑。研究表明，现行规则存在交付与登记的效力冲突、第三人范围模糊、善意取得要件不统一等问题。对此，应以交付作为所有权变动生效要件，通过反面排除法界定“善意第三人”，构建“登记对抗 + 善意取得”的双层检验规则，并区分有权处分与无权处分类型重构多重买卖的优先顺位规则，为《海商法》修订提供解释论路径。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of the revision of the Maritime Code and the implementation of the Civil Code, the rules governing the transfer of ship property rights face the challenge of systematic adjustment. This paper focuses on the rule conflicts regarding the ownership attribution in multiple ship sales. Taking Article 7 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Sales Contract Dispute Cases under the registration confrontation doctrine as the research object, it combines judicial practice and theoretical disputes to reveal the theoretical divergence between the “delivery effectiveness theory” and the “consensual effectiveness theory”, analyzes the dilemma in defining the scope of bona fide third parties, and explores the application logic of the bona fide acquisition system in double assignment. The research shows that the current rules have problems such as the conflict between the effectiveness of delivery and registration, the ambiguity of the scope of third parties, and the non-uniformity of the requirements for bona fide acquisition. In response, delivery should be taken as the effective condition for the transfer of ownership. The “bona fide third parties” should be defined through negative exclusion method. A two-layer inspection rule of “registration confrontation + bona fide acquisition” should be constructed. Moreover, the priority rules for multiple sales should be reconstructed by distinguishing between authorized disposition and unauthorized disposition types, providing an interpretive path for the revision of the Maritime Code.