微橡胶颗粒的环境赋存规律与检测、治理现状

Environmental Distribution Patterns and Current Status of Detection and Management of Micro-Rubber Particles

摘要: 微橡胶颗粒(MRs)因其粒径小、毒性强的特点而成为人们关注的新污染物之一，这些颗粒对水体、土壤、空气和生物健康产生严重影响。本文通过对微橡胶颗粒的产生、理化性质、环境影响和迁移规律等方面进行系统总结，并分析了其在环境中的毒性、分离检测方法和治理现状进展。研究表明，微橡胶颗粒主要由S、Zn、Na、Al和Ca等元素构成，通常为黑灰色，以碎片和纤维状为主，密度在1.15~1.25 g∙cm⁻³之间，其产生主要来源于轮胎和路面发生磨损，而且微橡胶颗粒在环境中的出现是广泛、持续和难以降解的。同时微橡胶颗粒及其浸出的化学物质所产生的毒性会对生物体造成严重危害。此外，小于10 μm的微橡胶颗粒物容易通过空气迁移扩散到大气中，导致PM_2.5污染，其中微橡胶的颗粒水平范围在0.012至6.5 μg/m³之间；而大于10 μm的颗粒物可能会沉积在路面上，也可能通过道路径流输送到土壤、河流或海洋之中。微橡胶颗粒在环境中的影响主要取决于颗粒的成分、大小、形状、密度与生物体的相互作用以及其在破碎、收集和生物积累过程共同决定的。不同迁移条件、不同环境下，轮胎磨损颗粒产生的危害不同，其收集、分离、检测和处理方法也不同，迁移路径和赋存状态对微橡胶颗粒的识别、富集与监测具有重要影响。同时由于缺乏识别、量化和表征微橡胶颗粒的标准化方法，对更广泛的环境风险评估提出了重大挑战。

Abstract: Micro-rubber particles (MRs) have emerged as a new pollutant of concern due to their small particle size and potent toxicity, posing severe impacts on aquatic environments, soil, air, and biological health. This paper systematically reviews the generation, physicochemical properties, environmental impacts, and migration patterns of MRs, while analyzing their environmental toxicity, separation and detection methods, and current remediation progress. Research indicates that MRs primarily consist of elements such as S, Zn, Na, Al, and Ca. Typically appearing as black or gray fragments and fibers, they exhibit a density ranging from 1.15 to 1.25 g∙cm⁻³. Their generation stems mainly from tire and road surface abrasion, and their presence in the environment is widespread, persistent, and resistant to degradation. Simultaneously, the toxicity of micro-rubber particles and their leached chemicals poses severe hazards to living organisms. Furthermore, micro-rubber particles smaller than 10 μm readily migrate through the air into the atmosphere, contributing to PM_2.5 pollution, with micro-rubber particle levels ranging from 0.012 to 6.5 μg/m³. while particles larger than 10 μm may settle on road surfaces or be transported via road runoff into soil, rivers, or oceans. The environmental impact of micro-rubber particles is primarily determined by their composition, size, shape, density, interactions with organisms, and processes of fragmentation, collection, and bioaccumulation. The hazards posed by tire wear particles vary under different migration conditions and environments, necessitating distinct collection, separation, detection, and treatment methods. Migration pathways and occurrence states significantly influence the identification, enrichment, and monitoring of micro-rubber particles. Furthermore, the absence of standardized methods for identifying, quantifying, and characterizing micro-rubber particles poses major challenges for broader environmental risk assessments.