流域面源污染研究进展

Research Progress on Non-Point Source Pollution in River Basins

摘要: 面源污染，尤其是农业面源污染，已成为全球范围内威胁水环境安全与生态系统健康的关键因素。其具有分散性、隐蔽性、随机性和滞后性等特征，使得监测、溯源和治理难度远高于点源污染。本文系统梳理了面源污染的基本特征与主要来源，综述了从经验统计到机理性模型在内的主要研究方法和模型应用进展，并重点探讨了包括“源头减量–过程阻断–末端治理”在内的多种污染控制措施及其效果评估。同时还深入分析了当前面源污染防治在法律法规、监测技术、模型精度和跨部门协同等方面面临的困境，并对未来研究方向，如模型本土化、多技术融合、基于风险分区的精准治理等进行了展望，以期为我国面源污染的系统治理和流域水环境的可持续发展提供科学参考与决策支持。

Abstract: Non-point source pollution, especially agricultural non-point source pollution, has become a key factor threatening water environment security and ecosystem health on a global scale. It has characteristics such as dispersion, concealment, randomness and lag, which make the difficulty of monitoring, tracing and treating it much higher than that of point source pollution. This article systematically reviews the basic characteristics and main sources of non-point source pollution, summarizes the main research methods and model application progress from empirical statistics to mechanistic models, and focuses on discussing various pollution control measures including “source reduction-process blocking-end-of-pipe treatment” and their effect evaluation. It also conducted an in-depth analysis of the current predicaments faced by non-point source pollution prevention and control in terms of laws and regulations, monitoring technologies, model accuracy, and cross-departmental collaboration. Moreover, it made prospects for future research directions, such as model localization, multi-technology integration, and precise governance based on risk zoning. With the aim of providing scientific references and decision support for the systematic governance of non-point source pollution and the sustainable development of water environment in river basins in our country.