微塑料的环境污染特征、生态风险与治理策略综述

A Review of Environmental Pollution Characteristics, Ecological Risks, and Management Strategies of Microplastics

摘要: 微塑料(Microplastics, MPs)作为一种新型环境污染物，凭借其难以降解的持久性、在环境中广泛扩散的迁移性以及在生物体内不断积累的生物累积性，已成为全球关注的焦点。本文通过系统检索Web of Science、中国知网等国内外权威数据库，全面梳理了微塑料的定义分类、环境来源、多介质分布特征、检测技术、生态毒理效应、人体健康风险及研究进展。微塑料的环境来源广泛，涵盖塑料工业排放、农业地膜降解、纺织品洗涤脱落、轮胎磨损等多个途径，它们通过大气沉降、地表径流等方式扩散。这些微塑料可通过生物体摄食、人类呼吸吸入等多种途径进入生物体内，进而引发一系列不良影响。当前微塑料研究存在不少瓶颈。分析方法缺乏统一标准，致使不同研究团队采用的样品前处理与仪器分析流程差异显著，得出的数据难以有效对比；长期生态效应尚不明确，无法确定其在漫长时间里对生态系统造成的持续影响；纳米塑料因尺寸极小且易团聚，检测难度极大，给研究工作带来了不小阻碍。未来，需要各学科加强合作，共同构建源头减量过程阻断末端治理的全链条防控体系，以此推动全球塑料污染治理进程。

Abstract: Microplastics (MPs), an emerging environmental pollutant, have garnered global attention due to their persistence, widespread environmental mobility, and bioaccumulation in organisms. This study systematically reviews MPs’ definition, classification, sources, multi-media distribution, detection technologies, ecotoxicological effects, human health risks, and research progress, based on searches of Web of Science, CNKI, and other authoritative databases. MPs derive from diverse sources, including plastic industry emissions, agricultural film degradation, textile shedding, and tire wear, and spread via atmospheric deposition and surface runoff. They diffuse through atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, etc. These microplastics can enter organisms through many ways, such as biological feeding, human breathing and inhalation, and then cause a series of adverse effects. At present, there are many bottlenecks in the research of microplastics. The lack of unified standards for analytical methods has led to significant differences in sample pretreatment and instrumental analysis processes adopted by different research teams, and it is difficult to effectively compare the data obtained; the long-term ecological effect is not clear, and it is impossible to determine its sustainable impact on the ecosystem over a long period of time; Nano plastics are extremely difficult to detect because of their small size and easy agglomeration, which has brought great obstacles to the research work. In the future, various disciplines need to strengthen cooperation to jointly build a full chain prevention and control system of source reduction process blocking end treatment, so as to promote the global plastic pollution control process.