社会工作工作介入城市退休老人的社会适应问题研究

A Study on Social Work Intervention in the Social Adaptation of Urban Retired Elderly

摘要: 随着我国人口老龄化程度不断加深，城市退休老人普遍面临社会角色转变、心理调适困难及社交网络弱化等多重适应挑战。本文基于角色理论、增能理论和社会支持理论，系统探讨社会工作介入城市退休老人社会适应问题的可行路径与策略。通过个案工作、小组工作及社区工作等专业方法，社会工作能够有效协助老人应对退休后的身份转换与心理落差，提升其自我效能感，重建社会支持体系，并增强社会参与能力。研究以昆明X社区的实际案例为基础，提出“个人–家庭–社区”三级联动介入策略。在个人层面，注重心理疏导与能力建设；在家庭层面，强化代际支持与关怀氛围；在社区层面，推动老年友好环境建设与多元化活动开展。实践表明，社会工作介入有助于缓解退休老人的孤独感，增强其自我价值认同，促进其更好地适应退休生活，为实现积极老龄化目标提供了有益的实务参考。

Abstract: With the accelerating aging of China’s population, urban retired elderly face multiple adaptation challenges such as social role transition, psychological adjustment difficulties, and weakening social networks. Based on role theory, empowerment theory, and social support theory, this study systematically explores feasible pathways and strategies for social work to intervene in the social adaptation of urban retired elderly. Through professional methods including casework, group work, and community work, social work can effectively assist the elderly in coping with post-retirement identity changes and psychological gaps, enhance their self-efficacy, rebuild social support systems, and strengthen social participation capacities. Using practical cases from Community X in Kunming, the study proposes a three-tier intervention strategy involving the “individual, family and community” levels. At the individual level, emphasis is placed on psychological counseling and capacity building; at the family level, intergenerational support and a caring environment are strengthened; at the community level, the development of an age-friendly environment and diverse activities are promoted. Practice demonstrates that social work intervention helps alleviate loneliness among retired elderly, enhances their self-worth identification, and facilitates better adaptation to post-retirement life, thereby providing valuable practical references for promoting active aging.