费尔巴哈未窥之谜：马克思解读人的本质

The Mystery Unseen by Feuerbach: Marx’s Interpretation of the Nature of Man

摘要: 马克思人的本质思想主要是在批判继承费尔巴哈思想的基础上完成的。本文分别对费尔巴哈与马克思人的本质思想内涵进行阐述，其二者思想差异的根本原因在于认知方式不同。费尔巴哈是感性直观，马克思则在继承费尔巴哈“感性对象”的基础上提出“感性活动”。他认为费尔巴哈的认识仍然停留在旧唯物主义，虽然二者都从现实出发，但费尔巴哈主要从自然中认识人，缺乏社会历史性，仍停留在抽象的人，马克思则看到了实践在人们生活中的地位，真正实现了从现实出发并看到了人本质的社会历史性。本文通过论述马克思“劳动”、“现实的人”等概念实现对费尔巴哈感性直观中“抽象的人”本质的超越，也进一步阐述了“人的需要本质”理论。

Abstract: Marx’s thought on the essence of man is primarily based on critically inheriting Feuerbach’s ideas. This article elaborates on both Feuerbach’s and Marx’s thoughts on the essence of man, with the fundamental reason for the differences in their thoughts arising from their different modes of cognition. Feuerbach is intuitive and sensory, whereas Marx, while inheriting Feuerbach’s concept of “sensory objects,” proposed “sensory activities.” He believes that Feuerbach’s understanding remains at the old materialism; although both start from reality, Feuerbach primarily understands man from nature, lacking social historicity, and remains at the level of the abstract idea of man. In contrast, Marx recognized the status of practice in people’s lives, truly realizing a starting point from reality that acknowledges the social historicity of human essence. This article discusses Marx’s concepts of “labor” and “real man” to transcend the essence of the “abstract man” in Feuerbach’s sensory intuition, and further elaborates on the theory of “the essence of human needs.”