基于复合有机物料的盐碱地不同大豆–玉米带状复合种植比较研究

Comparative Study of Soybean-Maize Strip Intercropping Systems in Saline-Alkaline Lands Using Organic Compounds

摘要: 针对我国大豆自给率低、与玉米争地矛盾突出，且盐碱地开发潜力大的背景，本研究于2024年在河北滨海典型轻中度盐碱地(耕层盐分0.2%~0.4%)，以复合有机物料(腐熟牛粪 + 本地优势固氮、耐盐菌)改良土壤，比较4:2、4:4、6:4三种大豆–玉米带状复合种植模式与单作的效应。采用基施5方/亩复合物料并在2叶幼苗期滴灌追施菌剂措施，比较作物不同生育时期叶面积、产量及耕层养分。结果表明复合种植较单作降低大豆叶面积12%~36%，但处理3 (6:4)大豆产量最高(94.0 kg/亩)；处理1 (4:2)玉米产量最高(466.7 kg/亩)，其综合产量552.3 kg/亩，优于其他模式；4:4模式土壤有机质、全氮、全磷分别较对照提高3.8%、11.4%、12.5%。上述结果表明复合有机物料可缓解盐碱障碍并提升地力，其中4:2模式兼顾高产与机播机收，推荐作为滨海盐碱地大豆–玉米带状复合种植的主要参考技术。

Abstract: In response to the low self-sufficiency rate of soybeans in China, the prominent competition for land with corn, and the significant potential for developing saline-alkali lands, this study was conducted in 2024 on typical light to moderate saline-alkali land in coastal Hebei (with soil salinity ranging from 0.2% to 0.4%). The research aimed to improve soil quality using composite organic materials (matured cow manure combined with local advantageous nitrogen-fixing and salt-tolerant bacteria) and compared three strip intercropping patterns of soybean-corn at ratios of 4:2, 4:4, and 6:4 against monoculture practices. Base fertilizer of 5 m³/667m² composite material was applied, and microbial agent was supplemented by drip irrigation at the 2-leaf seedling stage. The study evaluated leaf area index, yield, and soil nutrient content in the plow layer during different growth stages of the crops. The results indicated that intercropping reduced soybean leaf area by 12% to 36% compared to monoculture; however, treatment three (6:4 ratio) achieved the highest soybean yield at 94.0 kg/667m² while treatment one (4:2 ratio) produced the highest corn yield at 466.7 kg/667m². The overall combined yield of treatment one reached a total of 552.3 kg/667m², higher than other cultivation models. Furthermore, under the 4:4 pattern, soil organic matter as well as total nitrogen and phosphorus increased by approximately 3.8%, 11.4%, and 12.5%, respectively when compared to control conditions. These findings suggest that composite organic materials could alleviate saline-alkali constraints while enhancing soil fertility; among them, the intercropping model at a ratio of 4:2 balances high yields with mechanized sowing and harvesting processes—making it a reference or recommended technique for strip intercropping soybeans and corn on coastal saline-alkali lands.