马克思从“人化自然”到“历史的自然”变化的内在逻辑——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》与《德意志意识形态》

The Intrinsic Logic of Marx’s Transition from “Humanized Nature” to “Historical Nature”—Based on the “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844” and “The German Ideology”

摘要: 从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《德意志意识形态》，马克思对自然的理解实现了根本性转变。这一转变源于其哲学框架的变革：他超越了费尔巴哈人本主义的哲学人类学预设，不再从抽象的“人的类本质”出发，而是将“现实的个人”——即处于特定历史条件下、从事物质生产活动并结成具体社会关系的具体个体——置于理论中心。因此，自然不再仅仅是确证抽象类本质的“人化”对象，而是被理解为深深嵌入社会历史进程、作为人类实践活动前提与结果的“历史的自然”。

Abstract: From the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 to The German Ideology, Marx’s understanding of nature underwent a fundamental transformation. This transformation stemmed from the change in his philosophical framework: he transcended the humanistic philosophical anthropology presuppositions of Feuerbach, no longer starting from the abstract “human universal essence”, but placing the “real individual”—specific individual who is situated in a particular historical context, engaged in material production activities, and forms specific social relations—at the center of the theory. Therefore, nature is no longer merely the “humanized” object that confirms the abstract universal essence, but is understood as the “historical nature” deeply embedded in the social and historical process and as the prerequisite and result of human practical activities.